Part Number Hot Search : 
SII141 SA8282IG 20103 00222830 SDA5523 001456 BP1A4M PA823
Product Description
Full Text Search
 

To Download LXT441 Datasheet File

  If you can't view the Datasheet, Please click here to try to view without PDF Reader .  
 
 


  Datasheet File OCR Text:
  $35,/ ??? *hqhudo 'hvfulswlrq )hdwxuhv l1 e? /;7 %orfn 'ldjudp '$7$ 6+((7 /;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 7kh /;7 lv dq lqwhjudwhg wudqvfhlyhu dqg gdwd irupdwwhu iru 6zlwfkhg ? ?6:?? dqg 'ljlwdo 'dwd 6huylfh ?''6? 'dwd 6huylfh 8qlw?&kdqqho 6huylfh 8qlw ?'68?&68? dqg 2iilfh &kdqqho 8qlw ?2&8? dssolfdwlrqv? 7kh /;7 olqh lqwhuidfh vhfwlrq shuirupv wudqvplw sxovh vkdslqj dqg uhfhlyh vljqdo gdwd dqg wlplqj uhfryhu\ dw wkh xvhueqhwzrun ezluh phwdoolf lqwhuidfh? 7kh ghylfh rshue dwhv dw orrs vshhgv ri ? nesv dqg ?? nesv? vxssruwlqj 6:?? ? nesv ''6 zlwk ru zlwkrxw vhfrqgdu\ fkdqqho ?6&? dqg ? nesv fohdu fkdqqho ''6 vhuylfhv? 7kh lqwhjudwhg '68 flufxlw surylghv d '&( lqwhuidfh dqg frqqhfwv gluhfwo\ wr gdwd whuplqdo htxlsphqw ?'7(? xvlqj vwdqgdug (,$ frqwuro ohdgv? 'dwd irupdwwlqj lqfoxghv ''6 iudplqj? frqwuro frgh kdqgolqj? orrs frgh jhqhudwlrq dqg ghwhfwlrq? dqg ]hur frgh vxssuhvvlrq surfhvvlqj? 7kh /;7 kdv dq rqefkls ?eelw plfursurfhvvru lqwhuidfh wkdw vlpsolilhv ghylfh frqiljxudwlrq? vwdwxv uhsruwlqj? dqg 6:? fdoo surfhvvlqj? dqg pd\ eh xvhg iru sdudooho gdwd wudqvihu wr dqg iurp wkh ezluh sk\vlfdo olqn? ? 6xssruwv prvw srsxodu gdwd udwhv iru qhz '68?&68v ? 6zlwfkhg ? dqg ? nesv ''6 ?''6e35,? ? nesv orrs vshhg? ? ? nesv ''6 zlwk vhfrqgdu\ fkdqqho ?''6e6&? ?? nesv orrs vshhg? ? ? nesv fohduefkdqqho ''6 ?&&e?.? ?? nesv orrs vshhg? ? 6zlwfkhg ? &doo &rqwuro yld (,$ frqwuro ohdgv ru plfursurfhvvru ? 5hfhlyhu shuirupdqfh prqlwrulqj ? ,goh &rgh 7udqvplvvlrq ?&0,? '0,? ? 7udqvplw wlplqj uhfryhuhg iurp qhwzrun ru vxssolhg e\ v\vwhp ? 1hwzrun &rqwuro &rgh 'hwhfwlrq dqg *hqhudwlrq ? &68 dqg '68 odwfklqj dqg qrqeodwfklqj orrsedfnv ? $ydlodeoh lq eslq 3/&& ? 6lqjoh ???? 0+] fu\vwdo ru forfn lqsxw ? 9 rqo\ &026 surfhvv whfkqrorj\ $ssolfdwlrqv ? /hdvhgeolqh ''6 dqg 6zlwfkhg ? '68?&68v ? ,qwhuqhw 6huylfh 3urylghu ?,63? (txlsphqw ? ,qwhuqdo '68 iru 5rxwhuv? %ulgjhv dqg 3& dggelq fdugv ? )udph 5hod\ $ffhvv 'hylfhv ?)5$'? ? 2&8 &dugv iru &kdqqho %dqnv dqg '/& 6\vwhpv (,$ 6huldo ,qwhuidfh 3urfhvvru ,qwhuidfh 'ulyhu 3uhe ilowhu 5hfhlyh (txdol]hu 7udqvplw )lowhu $0, 'hfrghu $0, (qfrghu 'dwd )rupdwwhu 26& &orfn?'dwd 5hfryhu\ dqg $fwlydwlrq &lufxlw /rrs &xuuhqw &rqwuro /rjlf /&75 576 &76 '&' 5, 5' :5 &6 %6< '65 /&57 ,17 $'??! 6<1& 6&5 7' '75 6&7b( 5' $/( &68 /rrsedfn '68 /rrsedfn 77,3 75,1* 55,1* 57,3 (4/287 ;7$/, ;7$/2 567 5hylvlrq ?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 7$%/( 2) &217(176 3,1 $66,*10(176 $1' 6,*1$/ '(6&5,37,216 ???????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? )81&7,21$/ '(6&5,37,21???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e? ,qlwldol]dwlrq ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?? e? )udph $oljqphqw??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e? 5hfhswlrq ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e? &orfn 5hfryhu\ ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? 'dwd ([wudfwlrq ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? 5hfhlyhu %lsrodu wr 15= &rqyhuvlrq ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? 5hfhlyhu &rgh 'hwhfwlrq ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? &rqwuro &rgh 'hwhfwlrq???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? /rvv ri )udph $oljqphqw???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? 5hfryhu\ ri )udph $oljqphqw?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? &kdqjhv lq 6ljqdo 6wuhqjwk ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? 5hfhlyh /rvv ri 6ljqdo????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e?? 7udqvplvvlrq ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 7udqvplw 6huldo ,qwhuidfh????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 7udqvplw 15= wr %lsrodu &rqyhuvlrq ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 7udqvplw &rgh *hqhudwlrq ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e '68 /rrsedfn &rgh *hqhudwlrq lq dq 2&8 $ssolfdwlrq ???????????????????????????????? e /rrsedfn 2shudwlrq?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e &68 /rrsedfn ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e '68e1rqodwfklqje/rrsedfn ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 6\vwhp 6huldo ,qwhuidfh dqg 'dwd )rupdwwlqj ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 'hylfh &rqiljxudwlrq ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 6zlwfkhg ? &doo &rqwuro ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e $33/,&$7,21 ,1)250$7,21 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 'hvljq &rqvlghudwlrqv ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 0lfursurfhvvru ,qwhuidflqj ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e %6< 2shudwlrq???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e &urvvwdon????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 3&% /d\rxw ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 3rzhu 6xsso\ 'hfrxsolqj ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e
e? l1 7deoh ri &rqwhqwv 7(67 63(&,),&$7,216 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e? $evroxwh 0d[lpxp 5dwlqjv ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hfrpphqghg 2shudwlqj &rqglwlrqv ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? (ohfwulfdo &kdudfwhulvwlfv ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? $& 7lplqj &kdudfwhulvwlfv ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? (,$ 7lplqj ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e 0lfursurfhvvru 7lplqj &kdudfwhulvwlfv??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e 0lfursurfhvvru 7lplqj e 5hdg 2shudwlrqv ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e 0lfursurfhvvru 7lplqj e :ulwh 2shudwlrqv ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5(*,67(5 '(),1,7,216??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? e ,qwurgxfwlrq??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?e /;7 5hjlvwhu 6hw ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e /;7 5hjlvwhu %lw 0dsslqj????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e 5hjlvwhu :5 e 'hylfh &rqwuro e $gguhvv [ ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e 5hjlvwhu :5 e 7udqvplw &rqwuro ?''6e35, 0rgh? e $gguhvv [ ?????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu :5 e 7udqvplw &rqwuro ?''6e6& 0rgh? e $gguhvv [ ??????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu :5? e 5hfhlyh &rqwuro e $gguhvv [? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu :5 e (,$ vhohfw e $gguhvv [????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu :5? e 7udqvplw (,$ 'dwd e $gguhvv [????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu :5? e 7udqvplw (,$ 'dwd )rupdwv??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu 5'? e 5[ (,$ 'dwd e $gguhvv [? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu :5? e ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh e $gguhvv [? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu :5? e ,qwhuuxsw 6wdwxv e $gguhvv [? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu :5? e (,$ &rqwuro e $gguhvv [? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e 5hjlvwhu 5'? e (,$ 6wdwxv e $gguhvv [?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e 5hjlvwhu :5& e 5[ &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh e $gguhvv [& ??????????????????????????????????????????e 5hjlvwhu 5'& e 5[ &rghv e $gguhvv [&????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e 6xppdu\ ri 7udqvplw dqg 5hfhlyh &rqwuro &rghv ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????e? 5hjlvwhu 5'$ e 'hylfh 6wdwxv e $gguhvv [$??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e ,qvhuwlrq /rvv dqg /lqh /hqjwk 9doxhv iru elwv //?!????????????????????????????????????????????????e 5hjlvwhu 5'% e 5[ 6olfhu /hyho e $gguhvv [% ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????e 5hjlvwhu 5'' e 5[ ,qydolg %39 &rxqw e $gguhvv [' ?????????????????????????????????????????????????e
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e?? l1 3,1 $66,*10(176 $1' 6,*1$/ '(6&5,37,216 )ljxuh ? /;7 3lq $vvljqphqwv 7deoh ? /;7 0lfursurfhvvru ,qwhuidfh 6ljqdo 'hvfulswlrqv 3lq 6\pero ,?2 1dph ? 'hvfulswlrq &6 , &kls 6hohfw ? $fwlyh /rz? $ /rz rq wklv slq hqdeohv wkh ?eelw sdudooho lqwhuidfh wr shuirup uhdg dqg zulwh rshudwlrqv? 5' , 5hdg ? $fwlyh /rz? 'xulqj uhdg f\fohv? d /rz rq wklv slq wxuqv rq wkh lqwhuqdo gulye huv wr suhvhqw gdwd wr wkh ?eelw dgguhvv?gdwd exv? ? :5 , :ulwh ? $fwlyh /rz? 'xulqj zulwh f\fohv? d /rzewre+ljk wudqvlwlrq rq wklv slq odwfkhv gdwd suhvhqw rq wkh ?eelw exv lqwr lqwhuqdo uhjlvwhuv? ? ? ? ?? ? ? $' $' $'? $' $' $' $'? $'? ,?2 $gguhvv 'dwd %xv ? 0xowlsoh[hg ?eelw sdudooho dgguhvv gdwd exv? 7khvh slqv duh xvhg wr dffhvv wkh uhdg dqg zulwh uhjlvwhuv orfdwhg zlwklq wkh /;7? ? %6< 2 %xv\ ? $fwlyh /rz rshqegudlq lqglfdwlrq? 6ljqdo wr krvw plfurfrqwuroohu wkdw ghylfh kdv qrw frpsohwhg uhdg ru zulwh rshudwlrq? ?? ,17 2 ,qwhuuxsw ? $fwlyh /rz rshqegudlq ,qwhuuxsw? 6ljqdo wr krvw plfurfrqwuroohu wkdw dq xqpdvnhg lqwhuuxsw frqglwlrq kdv ehhq ghwhfwhg? ?? 567 , 5hvhw ? $fwlyh /rz kdugzduh uhvhw slq? 0xvw eh sxovhg /rz rq srzhuexs wr lqlwldoe l]h doo lqwhuqdo flufxlwv? 0xvw dovr eh sxovhg /rz diwhu fkdqjlqj wkh gdwd udwh vhwwlqj? dqg diwhu fhuwdlq uhfhlyh olqh frqglwlrqv rffxu? ?? $/( , $gguhvv /dwfk (qdeoh ? :khq +ljk? lqwhuqdo dgguhvv odwfk lv wudqvsduhqw? $ +ljke wre/rz wudqvlwlrq odwfkhv wkh dgguhvv suhvhqw rq slqv $'??!? /&75 $*1' '75 6<1& 7' 6&7b( '9&& 55,1* &6 5' :5 $' '*1' $' $'? $' 6&5 75,1* $9&& 576 79&& 5, 5' ;7$/2 ;7$/, '65 $' $'? $'? %6< ,17 567 $/( /&57 7(67 57,3 9,17 (4/287 7(67? '&' &76 77,3 7*1' $' ?? ? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? l1 /;7
e? l1 3lq $vvljqphqwv dqg 6ljqdo 'hvfulswlrqv 7deoh ?? /;7 (,$ 6huldo ,qwhuidfh 6ljqdo 'hvfulswlrqv 3lq 6\pero ,?2 1dph ? 'hvfulswlrq ?'75 , 'dwd 7huplqdo 5hdg\ ? $fwlyh /rz (,$ vljqdolqj ohdg iurp '7(? ? '65 2 'dwd 6hw 5hdg\ ? $fwlyh /rz (,$ vljqdolqj ohdg wr '7(? ?? 6&7b( ,?2 ([whqghg 7udqvplw 6huldo &orfn ? ,qsxw ru 2xwsxw wudqvplw forfn ghshqghqw xsrq vhwwlqj ri 7&&7 frqwuro elw? 7' , 7udqvplw 'dwd ? 7udqvplw 15= gdwd iurp '7(? 6<1& 2 :rug?%lw 6\qfkurql]dwlrq ? eelw zlgh dfwlyh /rz rxwsxw lqglfdwhv zrug erxqge dulhv dw '7( lqwhuidfh? 6&5 2 5hfhlyh 6huldo &orfn ? 6prrwk ? n+] iru ''6e35,? jdsshg ?? n+] ?? n+]? iru ''6e6& dqg &&e?.? 5' 2 5hfhlyh 'dwd ? 5hfhlyh 15= gdwd wr '7(? 5, 2 5lqj ,qglfdwru ? ,qglfdwhv wkh suhvhqfh ri uhfhlyh gdwd ?qrw frqwuro frghv? zkhq wkh uhfhlyhu lv lq wkh frqwuro vhtxhqfh prgh ?&$//0' ?? 6ljqlilhv lqfrplqj fdoo iru 6:? rshudwlrq? ? 576 , 5htxhvw wr 6hqg ? ,qglfdwhv d uhtxhvw e\ wkh '7( wr wudqvplw gdwd? :khq +ljk? &0, lv wudqvplwwhg rq wkh olqh lq ''6e35, dqg ''6e6&? :khq wklv olqh jrhv +ljk iru d wlph juhdwhu wkdq rqh e\wh shulrg? wkh wudqvplwwhu hqwhuv gdwd prgh iru dw ohdvw irxu e\wh shulrgv? ? &76 2 &ohdu wr 6hqg ? $fwlyh /rz (,$ vljqdolqj ohdg lqglfdwhv '&( uhdglqhvv wr wudqvplw olyh gdwd? '&' 2 'dwd &duulhu 'hwhfw ? $fwlyh /rz (,$ vljqdolqj ohdg lqglfdwlqj wkdw wkh /,8 uhfhlyhu lv ixoo\ rshudwlrqdoa phdqlqj wkdw lw lv dfwlyh? dqg wkdw iudph ru elw v\qf lv dfklhyhg? li hqdeohg? 7deoh ? /;7 /lqh ,qwhuidfh 6ljqdo 'hvfulswlrqv 3lq 6\pero ,?2 1dph ? 'hvfulswlrq (4/287 2 (txdol]hu 0rqlwru ? 0xvw eh ohiw rshq zkhq qrw xvhg? ?9,17, ,qwhuphgldwh 9rowdjh 5hihuhqfh ? 5hihuhqfh yrowdjh xvhg iru lqwhuqdo dqdorj flue fxlwv? 7klv slq pxvw eh frqqhfwhg wkurxjk d n w uhvlvwru ?5y? wr wkh fhqwhu qrgh ehwzhhq wkh wzr whuplqdwlrq uhvlvwruv? 5u? dv vkrzq lq )ljxuh ?? 57,3 55,1* , , 5hfhlyh 7ls dqg 5lqj ? 5hfhlyh gdwd lqsxw sdlu? 57,3 dqg 55,1* duh d ixoo\ gliihue hqwldo lqsxw iru wkh uhfhlyh olqh lqwhuidfh? ?/&57 , /rrs &xuuhqw 5[?7[ ? $ /rz lqsxw? vxssolhg e\ dq h[whuqdo fxuuhqw vhqvlqj flufxlw? lqglfdwhv wkh suhvhqfh ri orrs fxuuhqw iorzlqj iurp wkh uhfhlyh wr wkh wudqvplw wzlvwhg sdlu zluhv? dqg lqlwldwhv d &68 orrsedfn? ?/&75 , /rrs &xuuhqw 7[?5[ ? $ /rz lqsxw vxssolhg e\ dq h[whuqdo fxuuhqw vhqvlqj flufxlw lqglfdwhv wkh suhvhqfh ri orrs fxuuhqw iorzlqj iurp wkh wudqvplw wr wkh uhfhlyh wzlvwhg sdlu zluhv? ? 75,1* 77,3 2 2 7udqvplw 5lqj dqg 7ls ? 'liihuhqwldo gulyhu rxwsxwv? 'hvljqhg wr gulyh w wzlvwhge sdlu fdeoh wkurxjk wudqvplw olqh lqwhuidfh vkrzq lq dssolfdwlrq gldjudp? )ljxuh ??
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 7deoh ? /;7 0lvfhoodqhrxv 6ljqdo 'hvfulswlrqv 3lq 6\pero ,?2 1dph ? 'hvfulswlrq ? 79&& 7udqvplw 6xsso\? /lqh gulyhu srzhu vxsso\? 7*1' 7udqvplw *urxqg? /lqh gulyhu jurxqg? ? $*1' $qdorj *urxqg ? 5hihuhqfh iru doo dqdorj /,8 flufxlwv h[fhsw wkh wudqvplw gulyhu? ? $9&& $qdorj 6xsso\ ? /lqh lqwhuidfh sulpdu\ srzhu vxsso\? ? ? ;7$/2 ;7$/, 2 , &u\vwdo 2vfloodwru ? 7kh uhtxluhg ???? 0+] pdvwhu forfn pd\ eh surylghg e\ d fu\vwdo frqqhfwhg dfurvv wkhvh slqv? ru e\ d gljlwdo forfn frqqhfwhg wr ;7$/,? ,i d forfn lv surylghg rq ;7$/,? ;7$/2 pxvw eh ohiw xqfrqqhfwhg? '*1' 'ljlwdo *urxqg ? *urxqg uhihuhqfh iru doo lqwhuqdo gljlwdo flufxlwu\? ? '9&& 'ljlwdo 6xsso\ ? 'ljlwdo flufxlwu\ srzhu vxsso\? 7(67 7(67? , , )dfwru\ 7hvw 3lqv ? /hdyh xqfrqqhfwhg?
e? l1 )xqfwlrqdo 'hvfulswlrq )81&7,21$/ '(6&5,37,21 7kh /;7 lv frpsulvhg ri ilyh edvlf vhfwlrqv? uhfhlyhu? wudqvplwwhu? plfursurfhvvru lqwhuidfh? gdwd irupdwwhu dqg edfnehqg v\vwhp vhuldo lqwhuidfh? 7kh uhfhlyh vhfwlrq lqfoxghv suheilowhuv dqg olqh htxdol]huv? dqg wkh wlplqj uhfryhu\ dqg gdwd h[wudfwlrq eorfnv? $q lqwhuqdo gljlwdo skdvheorfnhg orrs ?'3//? lv xvhg lq frqe mxqfwlrq zlwk wkh rvfloodwru flufxlw wr v\qfkurql]h wkh uhfryhuhg forfn dqg gdwd? 7kh wudqvplw vhfwlrq lqfoxghv d ? $0, hqfrghu? d sure judppdeoh vzlwfkhgefdsdflwru orzesdvv ilowhu? d orzesdvv qrwfk ilowhu? d wudqvplw wlplqj uhev\qfkurql]hu dqg d frqwlqe xrxv uhfrqvwuxfwlrq ilowhu? $q rqefkls &026 gulyhu lv dovr lqfrusrudwhg wr gulyh d w olqh wkurxjk d frxsolqj wudqve iruphu? 7kh plfursurfhvvru eorfn hpsor\v dq ?eelw pxowlsoh[hg sdue dooho lqwhuidfh wr wudqvihu vwdwxv dqg frqwuro lqirupdwlrq wr dqg iurp wkh v\vwhp krvw frqwuroohu? 7klv surfhvvru sruw frqe qhfwv wr erwk ,qwho ? pxowlsoh[hg dqg 0rwrurod ? qrqepxowle soh[hg frqwuroohuv zlwk d plqlpxp ri h[whuqdo joxh? orjlf? 7kh v\vwhp vhuldo lqwhuidfh idflolwdwhv wkh frqqhfwlrq ri d '7( ?gdwd whuplqdo htxlsphqw? ghylfh wr wkh /;7? zklfk lq wxuq ehkdyhv dv d '&( ?gdwd frppxqlfdwlrq htxlsphqw?? 7kh /;7 xvhv ? vwdqgdug (,$ frqwuro ohdgv ?'75 ?576 ?&76 ?'&' ?'65 dqg 5, ? iru iorz frqe wuro? vwdwxv uhsruwlqj dqg 6:? vljqdolqj? 7kh vhuldo lqwhue idfh vxssruwv erwk '68 dqg 2&8 rshudwlrq? zlwk wkh wudqvplw forfn surylghg e\ hlwkhu wkh uhfryhuhg uhfhlyh forfn? ru dq h[whuqdo uhihuhqfh? ,qlwldol]dwlrq $ kdugzduh uhvhw ?567 ? lv uhtxluhg xqghu dq\ ri wkh iroe orzlqj flufxpvwdqfhv? ? ,qlwldo srzhuexs ? $ fkdqjh lq 'dwd 5dwh vhwwlqj ? $ fkdqjh lq wkh orfdo dqdorj orrsedfn frqiljxudwlrq ? $ orfdo fkdqjh lq wkh olqh xsrq zklfk wkh wudqvfhlyhu lv frppxqlfdwlqj ?iru h[dpsoh? frqiljxudwlrqv iru fkdqjlqj olqhv lq d ? iru q? uhgxqgdqf\ vfkhph? ? 7kh ghwhfwlrq ri dq lqydolg olqh frqglwlrq e\ wkh /;7 uhfhlyhu? ?7klv zloo eh lqglfdwhg e\ hlwkhu dq ;%39 ru 9b2)/ lqwhuuxsw?? 2q uhfhlsw ri wkh 567 sxovh? wkh /;7 h[hfxwhv dq lwhue dwlyh f\foh ri ohyho ghwhfwlrq dqg riivhw fdqfhoodwlrq wr vhohfw wkh dssursuldwh htxdol]hu vhwwlqjv iru wkh uhfhlyhg vljqdo? :khq uhfhlyhg gdwd kdv d ? rqhv ghqvlw\? ixoo rshudwlrq lv dfklhyhg zlwklq rqh vhfrqg diwhu 567 ?8qghu wkh plqlpxp rqhv ghqvlw\ frqglwlrq vshflilhg lq 7deoh ? ixoo rshudwlrq lv dfklhyhg zlwklq hljkw vhfrqgv diwhu 567 ? &ruuhfw lqlwldol]dwlrq dvvxphv wkh suhvhqfh ri dq $0,e frghg vljqdo dw wkh 57,3 dqg 55,1* lqsxwv? 7kh /;7 zloo qrw fruuhfwo\ lqlwldol]h xqohvv d vwdeoh vljqdo zklfk phhwv wkh qhwzrun lqwhuidfh vshflilfdwlrqv ri $77 3xe ?? lv suhvhqw dw wkh 57,3 dqg 55,1* lqsxwv gxulqj wkh hqwluh lqlwldol]dwlrq surfhvv? 7kh 5' rxwsxw lv qrw ydolg xqwlo ixoo rshudwlrq lv dfklhyhg? $xwrpdwlf uhelqlwldol]dwlrq pd\ eh wuljjhuhg e\ fkdqjhv lq uhfhlyhg vljqdo vwuhqjwk dv iroorzv? ? ,i uhfhlyhg vljqdo vwuhqjwk lqfuhdvhv e\ pruh wkdq derxw ? g% diwhu ixoo rshudwlrq lv dfklhyhg? dxwrpdwlf uhelqlwldol]dwlrq rffxuv? ? ,i uhfhlyhg vljqdo vwuhqjwk ghfuhdvhv e\ pruh wkdq derxw g%? uhelqlwldol]dwlrq rffxuv? ,i wkh ghfuhdvh lq uhfhlyhg vljqdo vwuhqjwk h[fhhgv ? g%? wkh /;7 uhsruwv dq /26 ?/rvv ri 6ljqdo? frqglwlrq dqg shue irupv dq dxwrpdwlf uhelqlwldol]dwlrq? 7kh wlph uhtxluhg wr dfklhyh ixoo rshudwlrq diwhu uhlqlwldoe l]dwlrq? lv wkh vdph dv uhtxluhg iru srzhuerq lqlwldol]dwlrq ?l?h?? vhfrqg pd[ zlwk ? rqhv ghqvlw\? ? vhfrqgv xqghu plqlpxp rqhv ghqvlw\ frqglwlrqv?? 5hlqlwldol]dwlrq lv qrw wuljjhuhg e\ lpsxovh qrlvh hyhqwv? )udph $oljqphqw :khq lq ''6e6& ru &&e?. prghv? wkh /;7 ehjlqv d iudph doljqphqw vhdufk dw fkdqqho frqqhfwlrq wlph? &kdqqho frqqhfwlrq wlph lv ghilqhg dv wkh wlph zkhq wkh $&7,9( elw fkdqjhv wr d ??? 7kh phdq wlph wr )udph $oljqphqw lv ohvv wkdq pv? 7klv phdqv wkdw? dw ?? n+] rq dyhudjh? ihzhu wkdq ilyh iudph frpsdulvrqv duh uhtxluhg wr hvwdeolvk iudph doljqphqw? )udph doljqphqw lv ghfoduhg zkhq wkh /;7 ghwhfwv wkuhh frqvhfxwlyh )udph $oljqphqw :rug ?)$:? vhtxhqfhv pdwfklqj wkh )$:? 'hwhfwlrq ri frqvhfxwlyh )$: vhtxhqfhv uhtxluhv wkdw hdfk )$: vhtxhqfh pdwfkhv wkh )$:? dqg wkdw hdfk )$: vhtxhqfh lv h[dfwo\ rqh iudph dsduw? 7deoh ? 2qhv 'hqvlw\ 5htxluhphqwv 'dwd 5dwh ?nesv? 0lqlpxp $yhudjh 2qhv 'hqvlw\ ?? ? ??? ??
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e?? l1 5hfhswlrq 57,3 dqg 55,1* lqsxwv duh gliihuhqwldoo\ ghwhfwhg? wkhq surfhvvhg wkurxjk wkh suheilowhuv dqg htxdol]hu vhfwlrq? 7kh frqwlqxrxv suheilowhu uhpryhv kljk iuhtxhqf\ qrlvh dqg suhyhqwv doldvlqj sureohpv iru wkh olqh htxdol]huv zklfk iroorz? 5hfhlyh sxovhv duh uhfrqvwuxfwhg e\ wkh uhfhlyh htxdol]hu? zklfk lv frpsulvhg ri d vwhs htxdol]hu vwdjh dqg dq dgdswlyh ghflvlrq ihhgedfn htxdol]hu ?')(?? 7kh ')( holplqdwhv uhvlgxdo lqwhuev\pero lqwhuihuhqfh ?,6,? gxh wr hfkrlqj e\ pxowlsoh eulgjhg wds frqqhfwlrqv dqg wlph ydu\lqj olqh fkdudfwhulvwlfv vxfk dv whpshudwxuh? kxplglw\ dqg djh? &orfn 5hfryhu\ 7kh forfn uhfryhu\ flufxlw xvhv d udwh v\qfkurql]hu wr jhqe hudwh d kljk iuhtxhqf\ lqwhuqdo forfn iurp wkh rvfloodwru lqsxw? $ '3// lv xvhg wr v\qfkurql]h wklv lqwhuqdo forfn wr wkh uhfhlyhg gdwd sxovhv? 7kh rxwsxw forfn iurp wkh '3// lv glylghg grzq wr jhqhudwh 6&5 dqg doo rwkhu uhtxluhg forfnv ?h[fhsw 6&7b( zkhq lw lv vxssolhg dv dq h[whuqdo lqsxw?? 'dwd ([wudfwlrq 7kh gdwd h[wudfwlrq eorfn gholyhuv udz uhfryhuhg elsrodu olqh gdwd wr wkh gdwd irupdwwhu dqg ghfrghu vr wkdw lw pd\ rxwsxw wkh 15= 5' vwuhdp wr wkh (,$ lqwhuidfh dqg wkh uhfhlyh (,$ plfursurfhvvru uhjlvwhu? $ srvlwlyh ru qhjdwlyh gliihuhqwldo sxovh uhfhlyhg ehwzhhq 57,3 dqg 55,1* uhvxowv lq d orjlf vhqw wr wkh irupdwwhu? zkloh qr sxovh lv uhsruwhg wr wkh irupdwwhu dv d orjlf ? $iwhu ghfrglqj lq wkh irupdwwhu vhfwlrq? wkh ilqdo 5' rxwsxw dw wkh uhfhlyhg gdwd udwh lv ydolg rq wkh idoolqj hgjh ri 6&5 ? 5hfhlyhu rshudwlrq lv qrw diihfwhg e\ wkh gdwd sdwwhuqv? sure ylghg wkh rqhv ghqvlw\ uhtxluhphqwv ri 7deoh duh phw? dqg wkh uhfhlyh olqh vljqdo frqwdlqv dw ohdvw rqh ydolg sxovh hyhu\ ?? elw shulrgv? /rvv ri vljqdo lv ghfoduhg diwhu ? frqvhfxwlyh ]hurv? +rzhyhu? wkh 6&5 rxwsxw uhpdlqv v\qe fkurql]hg wr wkh 57,3?55,1* lqsxw iru xs wr frqvhfxe wlyh ]hurv? diwhu zklfk uhelqlwldol]dwlrq rffxuv? 6sxulrxv elsrodu ylrodwlrqv ?gxh wr fkdqqho qrlvh? hwf??? zloo qrw dgyhuvho\ diihfw orqj whup /;7 gdwd uhfhswlrq? 5hfhlyhu %lsrodu wr 15= &rqyhuvlrq 7kh uhfhlyhu frqyhuwv %lsrodu gdwd lqwr 15= gdwd lq wkh iroorzlqj pdqqhu? ? %lsrodu %?v duh pdunv ?ri dowhuqdwh srodulw\ zlwk uhvshfw wr odvw pdun? frqyhuwhg wr 15= v? ? %lsrodu 9?v duh pdunv ?ri vdph srodulw\ zlwk uhvshfw wr odvw pdun? frqyhuwhg wr 15= v? ? %lsrodu 2?v duh vsdfhv frqyhuwhg wr 15= v? 7klv frqyhuvlrq surfhvv wdnhv e\wh soxv elw shulrg? zlwk fruuhvsrqglqj 15= gdwd dydlodeoh ? elw shulrgv diwhu wkh %lsrodu gdwd lv uhfhlyhg? 7khuh duh? krzhyhu? d ihz h[fhswlrqv wr wklv? 5hfhswlrq ri wkh '68 /rrse edfn frqwuro frgh dqg uhfhswlrq ri wkh =hur 6xssuhve vlrq frqwuro frgh uhtxluh wkdw d frgh uhsodfhphqw eh shuiruphg xsrq wkh uhfhlyhg gdwd sulru wr frqyhuvlrq wr 15= irupdw? 6hh 7deoh ?? iru 5;b'/3 5;b=6& frgh uhsodfhphqw? ,q ''6e6& prgh? wkhuh duh qr ylrodwlrqv? 7kxv? wkh uhfhlyhu rqo\ frqyhuwv 2?v dqg %?v ?elsrodu gdwd? wr 15= v ru v uhvshfwlyho\? )udph v\qfkurql]dwlrq pxvw eh hvwdeolvkhg wr hqdeoh qhwzrun frgh ghwhfwlrq? 5hfhswlrq ri wkh '68 /rrsedfn frgh uhtxluhv d frgh uhsodfhphqw rshudwlrq wr eh shuiruphg sulru wr frqe yhuvlrq wr 15= irupdw? 6hh 7deoh ?? iru 5b'/3 frgh uhsodfhphqw? &&e?. prgh lv yhu\ pxfk wkh vdph dv ''6e6& prgh? 7khuh duh qr e\wh uhsodfhphqwv? dqg wkh rqo\ frgh lv lgoh gdwd ?5;b'0,?? 6hh 7deoh ?? iru frqwuro frghv uhsodfhphqw srolf\ iru ydulrxv prghv? 5hfhlyhu &rgh 'hwhfwlrq 7kh uhfhlyhu frqyhuwv elsrodu uhfhlyhg gdwd lqwr 15= gdwd? ,q ''6e35, prgh? wklv surfhvv uhtxluhv elsrodu ylrodwlrq ?%39? ghwhfwlrq? ydolg?lqydolg %39 ghwhfe wlrq? dqg frqwuro frgh ghwhfwlrq? $ ylrodwlrq lv ghwhfwhg xsrq uhfhlsw ri %lsrodu gdwd zklfk ylrodwhv wkh $owhuqdwh 0dun ,qyhuvlrq ?$0,? 5xoh? $ %39 lv ydolg li? dqg rqo\ li? lw ehorqjv wr d ?eelw &rqwuro &rgh? vdwlvi\lqj wkh iroorzlqj vhw ri fulwhuld? ? $w ohdvw vhyhq elw shulrgv kdyh sdvvhg zlwkrxw d ylrodwlrq vlqfh uhfhlsw ri wkh ylrodwlrq lq txhve wlrq? ? $q rgg qxpehu ri %?v ?qrqeylrodwlrq pdunv? zhuh uhfhlyhg vlqfh wkh odvw ylrodwlrq? ? 7kh elw uhfhlyhg sulru wr wkh ylrodwlrq zdv dq 2 ?d vsdfh??
e?? l1 )xqfwlrqdo 'hvfulswlrq &rqwuro &rgh 'hwhfwlrq 7kh gdwd suhvhqwhg dw wkh 57,3?55,1* slqv xqghue jrhv elsrodu wr 15= frqyhuvlrq? zlwk dxwrpdwlf ghwhfe wlrq dqg ghfrglqj ri frqwuro frghv dffruglqj wr wkh iroorzlqj fulwhuld? ? 'hwhfwlrq ri ,goh ?&0,?? 226? dqg 22) frghv lq ''6e35, prgh? ? 'hwhfwlrq dqg frqyhuvlrq ri '68 /rrs frgh lq ''6e35, prgh? dqg '68 /rrs frqwuro frgh lq ''6e6& prgh? ? 'hwhfwlrq ri ''6e6& frqwuro frghv iru ''6e6& prgh? ? 'hwhfwlrq ri wkh ''6e6& vl[eelw iudph sdwwhuq iru e\wh doljqphqw ri gdwd dqg frqwuro vwuhdpv iru ''6e6& prgh? dqg ?eelw gdwd iru &&e?. prgh? ? &rqwuro ri (,$ kdqgvkdnh vljqdov edvhg rq uhfhlyhu vwdwxv iurp wkh olqh lqwhuidfh xqlw? $oo frqwuro frghv h[fhsw 5;b'0, duh hqfrghg lqwr ydolg %39v? 7kxv? xsrq uhfhlsw ri d ydolg %39? frqe wuro frghv duh ghfrghg ?dv olvwhg lq 7deoh ???? $q\ ydolg %39 zklfk grhvq?w pdwfk d frqwuro frgh olvwhg lq wkh wdeoh uhvxowv lq dq ?xqpdwfkhg? frgh? 7kh h[fhse wlrq? 5;b'0,? lv ghwhfwhg zkhq dq dooepdunv ?doo %?v dqg qr 9?v? frgh lv uhfhlyhg? $oo frqwuro frghv uhpdlq dfwlyh iru ? elw shulrgv diwhu ghwhfwlrq? %lsrodu uhfhlyhg frghv lq erwk ''6e6& dqg &&e?. prghv frqwdlq qr ylrodwlrqv? 7khuhiruh? gdwd pxvw eh v\qfkurql]hg zlwk wkh iudph sdwwhuq? wr hvwdeolvk wkh ehjlqqlqj ri hdfk zrug? 7kh &?6 elw lv xvhg wr ghwhue plqh zkhwkhu wkh xqlw lv uhfhlylqj qhwzrun frghv ru gdwd? :khq wzr ri wkuhh frqvhfxwlyh &eelwv duh v wkh qhwzrun frgh ghwhfwru lv hqdeohg zklfk whvwv li wkh gdwd pdwfkhv dq\ ri wkh frqwuro frghv olvwhg lq 7deoh ??? :khq wzr ri wkuhh frqvhfxwlyh &eelwv duh v wkh xqlw uhyhuwv wr gdwd prgh? /rvv ri )udph $oljqphqw 7kh /;7 ghfoduhv orvv ri iudph doljqphqw zkhq lw uhfhlyhv ilyh frqvhfxwlyh )udph $oljqphqw :rug ?)$:? vhtxhqfhv lq huuru? +huh? frqvhfxwlyh )$: vhtxhqfhv lpsolhv wkdw hdfk )$: vhtxhqfh lv h[shfwhg wr rffxu dq lqwhjudo qxpehu ri iudphv diwhu wkh )$: vhtxhqfh zklfk surgxfhg doljqphqw? 7kh lqlwldo doljqphqw dojrulwkp lv wkh vdph dv wkh iudph uhfryhu\ dojrulwkp? 5hfryhu\ ri )udph $oljqphqw 7kh /;7 ehjlqv uhfryhu\ ri iudph doljqphqw lpphgldwho\ diwhu ghwhfwlqj orvv ri iudph doljqphqw? )udph $oljqphqw 5hfryhu\ lv lghqwlfdo wr wkh lqlwldo )udph $oljqphqw vhdufk surfhvv ghvfulehg xqghu ,qle wldol]dwlrq? &kdqjhv lq 5hfhlyhg 6ljqdo 6wuhqjwk 'xulqj lqlwldol]dwlrq? wkh /;7 vhohfwv ilowhuv dssursule dwh wr wkh vwuhqjwk ri wkh uhfhlyhg vljqdo? $iwhu lqlwldol]de wlrq? wkh /;7 frqwlqxdoo\ prqlwruv wkh uhfhlyh vljqdo vwuhqjwk wr hqvxuh wkh rswlpxp vljqdo?ilowhu pdwfk? 'dwd uhfhswlrq lv qrw diihfwhg e\ lpsxovh qrlvh hyhqwv ru e\ vorz fkdqjhv lq vljqdo dpsolwxgh fdxvhg e\ qrupdo whpshudwxuh dqg kxplglw\ yduldwlrqv ?7kh pd[lpxp frqvwdqw udwh ri fkdqjh zklfk wkh /;7 fdq wudfn lv ? g% shu plqxwh?? +rzhyhu? lqvwdqwdqhrxv |vwhs fkdqjhv ?vhh )ljxuh ?? pd\ whpsrudulo\ lqwhuihuh zlwk gdwd uhfhswlrq? 6whs fkdqjhv pd\ eh fdxvhg e\ vxgghq fkdqjhv lq orrs dwwhqxdwlrq? idu hqg wudqvplwwhu rxwsxw? hwf? $iwhu qrupdo rshudwlrq kdv ehhq hvwdeolvkhg? dq lqvwdqwde qhrxv vlqjohevwhs fkdqjh pd\ fdxvh rqh ri wkuhh frqgle wlrqv? dv vkrzq lq )ljxuh ? 8qghu &rqglwlrq ? wkh /;7 dxwrpdwlfdoo\ dgdswv wr plqru vwhs fkdqjhv lq vljqdo vwuhqjwk ?dvvxplqj wkdw wkh qhz lqsxw lv d ydolg ''6 vljqdo?? 8qghu &rqglwlrq ? wkh /;7 uhvsrqgv wr vljqlilfdqw vwhs fkdqjhv e\ uhelqlwldol]lqj? &rqglwlrq ?? zkloh xqolnho\ wr rffxu lq dq dfwxdo ''6 lpsohphqwdwlrq? pd\ eh revhuyhg lq wkh oderudwru\ zkhq zrunlqj zlwk duwlilfldo olqh vlpxodwruv? &rqglwlrq ?? zklfk uhvxowv iurp d ? e ? g% vwhs lqfuhdvh lq uhfhlyhg vljqdo vwuhqjwk? pd\ uhvxow lq d vljqdo?ilowhu plvpdwfk? 7klv frqe glwlrq lv fkdudfwhul]hg e\ h[fhvvlyh elsrodu ylrodwlrqv ?%39v?? ([fhvvlyh %39v zklfk duh qrw ydolg frgh zrugv duh ghwhfwhg dqg frxqwhg e\ wkh /;7? 7kh ;%39 lqwhue uxsw iodj zloo eh vhw zkhq h[fhvvlyh %39v duh ghwhfwhg e\ wkh /;7 uhfhlyhu? 7kh ghylfh vkrxog eh uhlqlwldol]hg yld wkh dssolfdwlrq ri d ydolg 567 sxovh lq wkh suhvhqfh ri h[fhvvlyh %39v? 8qghu qrupdo rshudwlqj frqglwlrqv? vwhs fkdqjhv lq uhfhlyhg vljqdo vwuhqjwk duh doo xqghu orfdo frqwuro? 7kxv? wkh xvhu fdq uhvhw wkh /;7 rqfh wkh qhz uhfhlyh vljqdo kdv vwdelol]hg dw wkh fkls lqsxwv? 5hprwh fkdqjhv w\slfdoo\ lqyroyh glvfrqqhfwlqj rqh olqh dqg uhefrqqhfwlqj dqrwkhu olqh ri gliihuhqw ohqjwk? 7khvh fkdqjhv wuljjhu wkh 5/26 uhsruw dqg dxwrpdwlf uhelqlwldol]dwlrq?
e?? l1 /;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 5hfhlyh /rvv ri 6ljqdo 5hfhlyh orvv ri vljqdo ?5/26? lv ghwhfwhg zkhq pruh wkdq ? frqvhfxwlyh ]hurv duh uhfhlyhg? fdxvhg hlwkhu e\ d wuxh orvv ri vljqdo? ru d vljqdo vwuhqjwk gurs juhdwhu wkdq ? g%? 7kh /;7 dxwrpdwlfdoo\ uhelqlwldol]hv zkhq 5/26 lv suhvhqw? dqg frqvhfxwlyh ]hurv duh frxqwhg? )ljxuh vkrzv wkh 57,3?55,1* lqsxw dqg 5/26 frqwuro elw wlplqj uhodwlrqvklsv iru d wuxh orvv ri vljqdo? :khq vljqdo hqhuj\ uhwxuqv wr wkh fkls lqsxw? wkh /;7 h[hfxwhv rqh ixoo dfwlydwlrq f\foh lq wkh suhvhqfh ri wklv vljqdo? 7kh uhvxow lv wkdw 5/26 zloo uhpdlq dfwlyh iru d shulrg ri wlph ?? v w+ ? v? diwhu vljqdo hqhuj\ uhdsshduv? )ljxuh vkrzv wkh 57,3?55,1* lqsxw wlplqj dqg 5/26 rxwsxw wlplqj uhodwlrqvkls iru d vljqdo vwuhqjwk ghfuhdvh juhdwhu wkdq ? g%? ,q wklv fdvh? 5/26 zloo jr +ljk iru d wlph ??? v w3 ? v? )ljxuh ?? 6whs &kdqjhv lq 5hfhlyh 6ljqdo 6wuhqjwk ? orj ? $? ? $ ?g% )ljxuh ? &rqglwlrqv %dvhg rq &kdqjhv lq 5hfhlyh 6ljqdo 6wuhqjwk $? e$ e$? $ &rqglwlrq ? ,qfuhdvh ! ? g% ru 'hfuhdvh ! ? g% $xwrpdwlf uhelqlwldol]dwlrq? 1r dfwlrq uhtxluhg? ,i wkh frqglwlrq lv gxh wr d vljqdo vwuhqjwk ghfuhdvh? wkh /;7 dovr uhsruwv 5/26? &rqglwlrq ? ,qfuhdvh e ? g% ru 'hfuhdvh e ? g% $xwrpdwlf frpshqvdwlrq ?pd\ uhelqlwldol]h?? 0d\ sdvv huurqhrxv gdwd whpsrudulo\ ehiruh uhvxplqj huurueiuhh rshudwlrq? 1r dfwlrq uhtxluhg? &rqglwlrq ?? ,qfuhdvh ? e ? g% 5helqlwldol]dwlrq qrw jxdudqwhhg? 7kh ghylfh pd\ frqwlqxh wr sdvv huurqhrxv gdwd xqwlo uhvhw? 5(6(7 sxovh uhtxluhg wr hqvxuh dffxudwh gdwd uhfhswlrq? e? e e? e? e e? g% 5hihuhqfh 6ljqdo /hyho ? ? ? &rqglwlrq &rqglwlrq ? &rqglwlrq &rqglwlrq &rqglwlrq
e?? l1 )xqfwlrqdo 'hvfulswlrq )ljxuh ? 5/26 7lplqj iru d 7uxh /rvv ri 6ljqdo )ljxuh ? 5/26 7lplqj iru d 'urs lq 6ljqdo 6wuhqjwk ! ? g% 57,3? 55,1* 5/26 w + w 3 57,3? 55,1* 5/26
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e l1 7udqvplvvlrq 7udqvplw gdwd ?7'? iurp wkh '7( lv vdpsohg rq wkh ulvlqj hgjh ri 6&7b( ? 7kh wudqvplw vhfwlrq jhqhudwhv d ? $0, sxovh dffruglqj wr wkh sxovh hqfrglqj uxohv? zklfk lv v\qe fkurql]hg zlwk wkh 6&7b( lqsxw?rxwsxw forfn? ,q '68 dssolfdwlrqv zlwk 7&&7 ? 6&5 lv w\slfdoo\ urxwhg edfn rxw ri wkh 6&7b( lqsxw?rxwsxw slq wr vhuyh dv d wudqvplw ghpdqg forfn? ,i (,$5(* ? wkhq gdwd dw wkh vhuldo lqwhue idfh lv ljqruhg? dqg wkh 7udqvplw (,$ ?eelw plfursurfhvvru uhjlvwhu lv xvhg dv wkh vrxufh ri wudqvplw gdwd? 2qfh wkh wudqvplw gdwd lv vdpsohg dqg hqfrghg? uhvxowlqj $0, rxwsxw sxovhv duh surfhvvhg wkurxjk d vhw ri iuhtxhqf\ ghshqghqw ilowhuv? ,qlwldo ilowhulqj dw doo udwhv lv dffrpe solvkhg e\ d surjudppdeoh? vzlwfkhgefdsdflwru? orzesdvv ilowhu? 7klv ilowhu lv d vlqjohesroh w\sh zlwk wkh sroh vhw dw ? wlphv wkh elw udwh ?dv ghwhuplqhg e\ frqwuro elwv 02'( dqg 02'(?? $ frqwlqxrxv ilowhu? frpprq wr doo gdwd udwhv? lv wkh ilqdo vwdjh? 7kh frqwlqxrxv ilowhu uhpryhv kljk iuhtxhqf\ frpsrqhqwv zklfk uhpdlq diwhu surfhvvlqj e\ wkh orzesdvv ilowhu vwdjhv? 7kh uhvxowlqj wudqvplw sxovhv duh wkhq dssolhg wr wkh olqh gulyhu iru wudqvplvvlrq rqwr wkh wzlvwhgesdlu olqh? 7udqvplw 6huldo ,qwhuidfh 8vhu gdwd suhvhqwhg dw wkh 7' slq xqghujrhv 15= wr elsre odu frqyhuvlrq? zlwk dxwrpdwlf jhqhudwlrq ri ]hur vxssuhve vlrq frgh iru ''6e35,? ,q ''6e35, prgh? frqwuroohg jhqhudwlrq ri &rqwuro 0rgh ,goh ?&0,?? dqg 'dwd 0rgh ,goh ?'0,? pd\ eh dffrpsolvkhg e\ pdqlsxodwlqj wkh '75 ?576 frqwuro ohdgv? ru e\ zulwlqj wr wkh 7;b&0, ru 7;b'0, frqwuro elwv? 7kh plfursurfhvvru frqwuro elwv wdnh suhfhghqfh ryhu wkh '75 ?576 iru frppdqglqj &0,? '0, wudqvplvvlrq? ,q ''6e6& dqg &&e?. prghv? frqwuroohg jhqhudwlrq ri wkh ''6e6& frqwuro frghv pd\ eh vhohfwhg? dqg wkh vl[eelw iudph sdwwhuq lv dxwrpdwlfdoo\ lqvhuwhg lqwr wkh wudqvplwwhg gdwd vwuhdp? 7udqvplw wlplqj lv ghulyhg iurp wkh uhfhlyh forfn iru d orrs wlphg '68?&68? ru iurp wkh 6&7b( lqsxw iru wdloeflufxlw orrs wlplqj? ru lq 2&8 dssolfdwlrqv? 7udqvplw 15= wr %lsrodu &rqyhuvlrq 7kh 7udqvplwwhu frqyhuwv 15= gdwd dqg frqwuro frghv lqwr elsrodu wudqvplwwhg gdwd? ,w lv srvvleoh wkdw vhyhudo frqwuro frghv duh uhtxhvwhg iru wudqvplvvlrq? wkxv d sulrulw\ hqfrghu pxvw uhvroyh zklfk frgh vkrxog eh wudqvplwwhga li qr frqwuro frgh lv uhtxhvwhg? wkh wudqvplwwhu vhqgv rxw frqe yhuwhg 15= gdwd ?vhh 7deoh ?? iru sulrulw\ ri wudqvplw frqe wuro frghv?? 7kh srvlwlrq ri lqmhfwhg frgh zrugv lv vhw duelwudulo\ e\ d iuhheuxqqlqj lqwhuqdo elw frxqwhu? ,q '68 rshudwlrq zlwkrxw d wdloeflufxlw? ?7&&7 ?? wkh wudqvplw zrug srvlwlrq lv doljqhg wr wkh uhfhlyh zrug srvlwlrq? ,q ''6e6& dqg &&e?. prghv? wkh uhfhlyh zrug srvlwlrq lv ghwhuplqhg e\ wkh uhfhlyh iudph sdwwhuq? zkloh lq ''6e35, prgh? wkh uhfhlyh zrug srvlwlrq lv duelwudu\? ,q ''6e35, 02'(? frgh lqmhfwlrq pxvw wdnh lqwr dffrxqw wkh srodulw\ ri wkh odvw wudqvplwwhg pdun ?% ru 9?? dqg zkhwkhu dq hyhq ru rgg qxpehu ri %?v kdyh ehhq vhqw vlqfh wkh odvw 9? 7kh iluvw fulwhulrq lv xvhg wr dvvxuh wkdw ylrode wlrqv duh wudqvplwwhg fruuhfwo\? 7kh vhfrqg fulwhulrq dvvxuhv wkdw dq\ ;?v zloo eh wudqvplwwhg fruuhfwo\ e dv 2 ru % wr pdlqwdlq dq rgg qxpehu ri %?v vlqfh wkh odvw 9? ,q ''6e6& dqg &&e?. prghv? frgh lqmhfwlrq lv dffrpe sdqlhg e\ wkh lqmhfwlrq ri d iudph sdwwhuq dv wkh ?wk elw ri hyhu\ rxwjrlqj gdwd e\wh ru frgh zrug? :khq qr frgh lv uhtxhvwhg? wkh wudqvplwwhu vlpso\ frqyhuwv 15= v dqg v lqwr %lsrodu 2?v dqg %?v? uhvshfwlyho\? dqg lqmhfwv wkh iudph elw dw wkh surshu orfdwlrq? 6hh 7deoh ?? iru frqwuro frghv lq ''6e6& dqg &&e?. prghv? 7udqvplw &rgh *hqhudwlrq &21752/e02'(e,'/( ?&0,? fdq eh jhqhudwhg iurp d orjlfe/rz rq (,$ kdqgvkdnh vljqdo 576 lq ''6e35, prgh dqg ''6e6& prgh? &ohdue7re6hqg ?&76 ? jrhv +ljk diwhu uhfhlylqj d 5htxhvwe 7re6hqg ?576 ? zlwk ghod\ edvhg xsrq wkh wlph uhtxluhg wr wudqvplw wkh odvw frpsohwh &0, frgh? soxv wkuhh lgoh gdwd e\whv? '68 /rrsedfn &rgh *hqhudwlrq lq dq 2&8 $ssolfdwlrq ,i wkh 7;b'/3 frqwuro lv vhw ?uhjlvwhu :5?eelw ??? wkhq wkh frqwurov zklfk qrupdoo\ irufh wudqvplvvlrq ri &0, zloo qrz irufh wudqvplvvlrq ri '68 /rrsedfn &rgh ?'/3?? 7kh xvhu fdq lqmhfw whvw gdwd e\ sxoolqj 576 +ljk? dqg zdlwlqj iru &76 +ljka lqglfdwlqj wkh hqg ri d '/3 e\wh dqg wkh vwduw ri d whvw gdwd e\wh? ,q wklv fdvh? wkh 576 ewre&76 ghod\lvqrwwkuhhwrirxu e\whv? exw lv ohvv wkdq rqh e\wh?
e l1 )xqfwlrqdo 'hvfulswlrq /rrsedfn 2shudwlrq 7kh /;7 lqfrusrudwhv erwk d &68 orrsedfn dqg d '68 orrsedfn? &68 /rrsedfn :khq wkh /&57 slq lv vhw /rz? d &68 orrsedfn lv hqjdjhg? zlwk wkh uhfryhuhg olqh gdwd dqg forfn ehlqj vhqw edfn wkurxjk wkh wudqvplw vhfwlrq dqg rqwr wkh olqh lqwhue idfh? dv zhoo dv ehlqj rxwsxw rq wkh 5' dqg 6&5 slqv? 7' dqg 6&7b( lqsxwv duh ljqruhg lq wkh orrsedfn prgh? '68 1rqodwfklqj /rrsedfn $ qrqodwfklqj orrsedfn rshudwhv xsrq uhfhlsw ri d plqle pxp ri irxu frqvhfxwlyh e\whv ri wkh vshflilhg orrsedfn frgh dw wkh surshu gdwd udwh? dqg frqwlqxhv iru d plqlpxp ri irxu frqvhfxwlyh e\whv diwhu uhfhlsw ri wkh odvw orrsedfn frgh? 7kh orrsedfn lv whuplqdwhg xsrq uhfhlsw ri ilyh vxfe fhvvlyh e\wh lqwhuydov zlwkrxw wkh orrsedfn frgh ?uhihu wr 7deoh ?? iru wkh '68e/rrsedfn frghv iru doo gdwd udwhv?? 7kh irxu frqvhfxwlyh e\whv pxvw eh frqwljxrxva kdylqj qr ?iloohu? elwv ehwzhhq '/3 frgh e\whv? ,q ''6e35, rshude wlrq? d orrsedfn frgh e\wh lv d ?eelw zrug? dqg lq ''6e6& dqg &&e?. rshudwlrq? d orrsedfn frgh e\wh lv dq ?eelw zrug? zlwk d qlqwk iudplqj elw lqmhfwhg ehwzhhq wkh ?wk dqg ?wk elwv ri wkh frgh zrug? 6\vwhp 6huldo ,qwhuidfh dqg 'dwd )rupdwwlqj 7kh /;7 surylghv d (,$ '&( vhuldo lqwhuidfh zlwk 7'? 5'? 6&7 ?6&7b( ?6&5 ?'75 ?576 ?'65 ?'&' ?5, ? &76 slqv iru dwwdfklqj gdwd whuplqdo htxlsphqw ?'7(?? 7kh vljqdo ohyhov duh 77/?&026 frpsdwleoh? doorzlqj d gluhfw frqqhfwlrq wr 6huldo &rppxqlfdwlrq &rqwuroohuv ?6&&?? zkloh frqqhfwlrq wr h[whuqdo whuplqdov uhtxluh vwdqe gdug 9??56? wudqvfhlyhuv? 8vhu gdwd iru wudqvplvvlrq xqghujrhv surfhvvlqj lq wkh gdwd irupdwwhu wr lqvhuw uhtxluhg ]hur vxssuhvvlrq frghv iru ''6e35,? dqg iudplqj lqirupdwlrq iru ''6e6& dqg &&e?.? 5hfhlyh olqh gdwd kdv ]hur vxssuhvvlrq frghv uhpryhg iurp ''6e35, vwuhdpv? zkloh wkh iudplqj elwv duh vwulsshg iurp ''6e6& dqg &&e?. gdwd? 6hfrqgdu\ fkdqqho elwv duh sdvvhg wr wkh 5' dqg 7' slqv lq ''6e6&? doorzlqj wudqvsduhqw vhfrqge du\ fkdqqho surfhvvlqj? 5hihu wr )ljxuhv ? dqg ? iru (,$ lqwhuidfh gdwd vwuxfwxuh dqg uhodwlyh wlplqj? )ru vshflilf wlplqj sdudphwhuv? uhihu wr 7hvw 6shflilfdwlrqv? 'hylfh &rqiljxudwlrq 7kh xvhu fdq vhohfw wkh rshudwlqj prgh dqg orrs udwh ?''6e 35,? ''6e6&? &&e?.? e\ zulwlqj wkh dssursuldwh ydoxhv wr frqwuro elwv 02'( dqg 02'(? 7udqvplw wlplqj prghv duh vhohfwhg e\ frqiljxulqj elwv 2&8 dqg 7&&7? 6zlwfkhg ? fdoo iorz frqwuro lv shue iruphg xvlqj hlwkhu wkh (,$ kdqgvkdnh olqhv ru wkh plfure surfhvvru sruw? ,q ''6e6& prgh? wkh vhfrqgdu\ fkdqqho edqgzlgwk lv dydlodeoh wudqvsduhqwo\ e\ lqwhusuhwlqj wudqve plw dqg uhfhlyh gdwd lq uhodwlrq wr wkh 6<1& vljqdo? 6zlwfkhg ? &doo &rqwuro 6zlwfkhg ? fdoo frqwuro lv shuiruphg ehwzhhq 2&8 dqg '68 e\ wkh lqwhusuhwdwlrq ri &0, dqg '0, frghv vhqw iurp rqh hqgesrlqw wr wkh rwkhu? 7khvh frghv fruuhvsrqg wr rqekrrn? dqg riiekrrn? frqglwlrqv rq wkh phwdoolf wuxqn? 5hihu wr wkh 7,$?(,$e?? vshflilfdwlrq iru vshflilf vljqdoe olqj dqg wlplqj uhtxluhphqwv? 7kh '68 gldov? d fdoo e\ vhl]lqj wkh wuxqn? zdlwlqj iru d ydolg qhwzrun zlqn? dqg wkhq vhqglqj dowhuqdwlqj &0,?'0, vhtxhqfhv zklfk duh lqwhusuhwhg dv gldo gljlwv? pxfk lq wkh pdqqhu ri sxovh gldoe lqj? 7kh '68 dqvzhuv? d fdoo e\ ghwhfwlqj qrqe&0, gdwd iurp wkh 2&8? &0,?'0, ghwhfwlrq lv shuiruphg e\ wkh /;7 dqg pd\ eh prqlwruhg yld wkh krvw frqwuroohu? &0,?'0, wudqvplvvlrq pd\ eh dffrpsolvkhg xvlqj hlwkhu wkh 576 vljqdo ru wkh 7;&2'( uhjlvwhu?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 )ljxuh ?? (,$ ,qwhuidfh 'dwd 6wuxfwxuh 7lplqj e ''6e35, 0rgh zrug m zrug m me $ , ''6 0 35, 02'( +89 nesv , '68 6hwwlqj zlwkrxw 7dlo &lufxlw = 6&5 6<1& 5' 5[ :25' 7' 7[ :25' 576 &76 % , ''6 0 35, 02'( +89 nesv , 2&8 6hwwlqj / ru '68 6hwwlqj zlwk 7dlo &lufxlw = xqdoljqhg doljqhg 6&5 6<1& 5' 6&7 rxw ru 6&7( lq 7' ,qwhuqdo 7[ 6\qf 3xovh 7[ :rug 6wdwxv &76 576 e\whv odwhu e\whv odwhu g g? g g g g? g? g g? g g? zrug l zrug l le 6&7 127(6 ? ,q ''6e35, 0rgh zkhq 2&8 dqg 7&&7 ? 6&5 dqg 6&7b( duh rxwsxw forfnv zlwk lghqwlfdo elw skdvh? 7kh 6<1& sxovh lqglfdwhv erwk wkh 7udqvplw dqg 5hfhlyh zrug srvlwlrqv? :khq 576 lv sxoohg /rz? &76 zloo jr /rz dw wkh ehjlqqlqj ri wkh irxuwk iroorzlqj wudqvplw zrug srvlwlrq? ,q ''6e35, 0rgh zkhq 2&8 dqg 7&&7 ? 6&5 dqg 6&7b( duh rxwsxw forfnv kdylqj duelwudu\ uhodwlyh skdvh? 7kh wudqvplw zrug doljqphqw pd\ eh ghwhfwhg e\ wkh '7( e\ dvvhuwlqj 576 dqg ree vhuylqj wkh wudqvplw elw shulrg lq zklfk &76 jrhv /rz? ,q ''6e35, 0rgh zkhq 7&&7 ? 6&5 lv dq rxwsxw? dqg 6&7b( lv wkh wudqvplw vhuldo forfn lqsxw zlwk duelwudu\ skdvh srvlwlrq? $jdlq? wkh '7( pd\ ghwhfw wkh wudqvplw zrug srvlwlrq e\ xvlqj wkh 576 dqg &76 olqhv? g g? g g g g? g? g g? g g? g g? g g g g? g? g g? g g? ;;;;gg?gggg? ;
e l1 )xqfwlrqdo 'hvfulswlrq )ljxuh ?? (,$ ,qwhuidfh 'dwd 6wuxfwxuh 7lplqj e ''6e6& ru &&e?. 0rgh $ , ''6 0 6& ru && 097 .02'( +:5 nesv , '68 6hwwlqj zlwkrxw 7dlo &lufxlw = 6<1& 5' 7' 576 &76 % , ''6 0 6& ru && 097 .02'( +:5 nesv , 2&8 6hwwlqj / ru '68 6hwwlqj zlwk 7dlo &lufxlw = g g? g g g g? g? g xqdoljqhg doljqhg 6&5 6<1& 5' 6&7 rxw 7' 7[ :rug 6wdwxv &76 576 ; ; ; ; gg?gggg? ??? g? ru f g? g? ru f g? g? ru f g?rufgg?gggg?g? g zrug l zrug l me zrug m zrug m 6&7 rxw g? ru f g? ru f e\whv odwhu e\whv odwhu g g? g g g g? g? g le 6&5 5[ :25' 7[ :25' 6&7( lq 127(6 = ,q ''6e6& ru &&e?. 0rghv wkh vhuldo forfn rxwsxwv 6&5 dqg 6&7 duh hdfk ?jdsshg? ?? n+] forfnv zlwk dq djjuhjdwh udwh ri ? n+]? 7kh vlqjoheshulrg ?jds? rffxuv gxulqj wkh ?g?? elw srvlwlrq? ,q frqiljxudwlrqv zlwk 7&&7 ? wkh 6&7( lqsxw pxvw eh d ?? n+]? vprrwk? ?xqjdsshg? forfn? dqg wkh wudqvplw zrug srvlwlrq lv ghwhuplqhg xvlqj 576 dqg &76 ?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e l1 $33/,&$7,21 ,1)250$7,21 'hvljq &rqvlghudwlrqv )ljxuh ? vkrzv d w\slfdo /;7 dssolfdwlrq flufxlw? $ '68 fu\vwdo ????? 0+]? lv frqqhfwhg dfurvv ;7$/, dqg ;7$/2? zlwk wzr jurxqghg ordglqj fdsdflwruv? 7kh olqh lqwhuidfh frqvlvwv ri d sdlu ri ? wudqviruphuv? fhqwhue wdsshg rq wkh olqh vlgh? zlwk dssursuldwh ordg uhvlvwruv? 7kh 5v?&v vkxqw qhwzrun surylghv kljk iuhtxhqf\ frpshqvde wlrq iru wkh wudqvplw gulyhu? 7kh lqsxw vljqdo lv ghyhorshg dfurvv wkh 5u?5lq qhwzrun? 5y olplwv fxuuhqw lqwr wkh orze lpshgdqfh 9,17 gulyhu gxulqj ryhueyrowdjh frqglwlrqv rq wkh olqh? 7kh '7( lv frqqhfwhg wr wkh /;7 (,$ lqwhuidfh? 15= gdwd lv uhtxluhg dw 7' dqg 5'? vr ohyho frqyhuvlrq lv uhtxluhg iru vwdqgdug elsrodu vljqdov vxfk dv 9? dqg 56e ??? 'hylfh frqiljxudwlrq slqv pd\ eh wlhg wr 9ff ru *1'? ru pd\ eh vxssolhg zlwk orjlf lqsxwv iurp dq h[whuqdo frqe wuro flufxlw? )ljxuh ? surylghv ghwdlov ri w\slfdo surwhfwlrq dqg fxuuhqw vhqvlqj flufxlwv? 7deoh ? olvwv h[whuqdo frpsre qhqw uhfrpphqgdwlrqv? 5hihu wr wkh iroorzlqj grfxphqwv iru ''6 hohfwulfdo vshflilfdwlrqv? ? $16, 7? e ??? ? $77 75 ?? e ?? 0lfursurfhvvru ,qwhuidflqj 7kh plfursurfhvvru lqwhuidfh lv dq ?eelw sdudooho sruw zlwk pxowlsoh[hg dgguhvv?gdwd slqv dqg dvvrfldwhg exv frqwuro vljqdov? ,qwhuidflqj wr 0rwrurod? ,qwho dqg =lorj frqwuroohuv pd\ eh dffrpsolvkhg zlwk d plqlpxp ri joxh orjlf e\ iroe orzlqj wkh jxlgholqhv ehorz? dqg revhuylqj wkh wlplqj sdudphwhuv lq )ljxuhv dqg ?? &6 grhv qrw kdyh wr eh dvvhuwhg ehiruh $/( wudqvlwlrqv /rz? odwfklqj wkh dgguhvv suhvhqw rq wkh pxowlsoh[hg dgguhvv?gdwd exv? 7kh ,17 vljqdo lv fohduhg wr lqdfwlyh +ljk iroorzlqj d uhdg ri wkh ,qwhuuxsw 6wdwxv uhjlvwhu dw dgguhvv ?k? %6< 2shudwlrq %6< lqglfdwhv vwdeoh gdwd dydlodeoh iru uhdg rq 5' f\fohv? dqg wkh surshu lqwhuqdo odwfklqj ri gdwd rq zulwh f\fohv? &rqvhfxwlyh zulwh f\fohv uhtxluh wkdw %6< jrhv lqdfwlyh +ljk ehiruh wkh qh[w zulwh? %6< pd\ehxvhgwr?vwuhwfk?wkh 5' vwureh? 5' vkrxog qrw jr +ljk ehiruh %6< jrhv lqdfe wlyh +ljk? &urvvwdon ,w lv lpsruwdqw wr suhyhqw furvvwdon ehwzhhq wkh wudqvplwwhu dqg uhfhlyhu flufxlwv? 6whsv zhuh wdnhq wr uhgxfh wklv lqwhue ihuhqfh lqvlgh wkh /;7? exw suhfdxwlrqv pxvw eh wdnhq zlwk wkh olqh lqwhuidfh flufxlwu\ rxwvlgh wkh fkls dv zhoo? &urvvwdon lv hvshfldoo\ kljk zkhq wkh lgoh sdwwhuq ?dowhuqdwh srvlwlyh dqg qhjdwlyh sxovhv? lv ehlqj wudqvplwwhg ehfdxvh wkh wudqvplw srzhu lv frqfhqwudwhg durxqg wkh 1\txlvw iuhe txhqf\ ?kdoi wkh edxg udwh?? 3&% /d\rxw 7kh h[whuqdo olqh lqwhuidfh flufxlw pxvw eh odlg rxw wr plqle pl]h frxsolqj ri rwkhu gljlwdo dqg dqdorj vljqdov lqwr 57,3 dqg 55,1* ?vhh )ljxuh ??? 7khvh lqsxwv? slqv dqg ? duh kljk lpshgdqfh qrghv zklfk fdq slfn xs lqwhuihuhqfh iurp dgmdfhqw 3&% wudfhv? 7kh olqh lqwhuidfh flufxlw pxvw eh ghvljqhg iru orrsv zlwk xs wr g% ri orvv dw wkh 1\txlvw iuhtxhqf\? hyhq li wkh surgxfw zloo qhyhu eh xvhg rq vxfk orqj olqhv? :khq qr uhfhlyh vljqdo lv suhvhqw? wkh /;7 zloo vzlwfk wr wkh kljkhvw jdlq ilowhu? zklfk surgxfhv dq lqwhuqdo jdlq ri derxw g%? 8qohvv suhfdxwlrqv duh wdnhq? vxevwdqwldo lqwhuihuhqfh frxsolqj lqwr 57,3 dqg 55,1* frxog h[fhhg wkh lqwhuqdo volfhu ohyhov dqg suhyhqw wkh 5/26 uhsruw? /d\rxw frqvlghudwlrqv iru /;7 dssolfdwlrq flufxlwv lqfoxgh? ? 0lqlpxp 3&% wudfh ohqjwkv ehwzhhq wkh /;7 dqg wkh ???? 0+] fu\vwdo dqg ordglqj fdsdflwruv? ? 0lqlpxp 3&% wudfh ohqjwkv ehwzhhq uhvlvwruv 5lq dqg wkh 57,3 dqg 55,1* slqv? 6klhog wkhvh frqqhfe wlrqv zlwk jurxqg wudfhv? ? 0lqlpxp 3&% wudfh ohqjwkv ehwzhhq wkh uhfhlyh wudqviruphu dqg wkh uhfhlyh whuplqdwlrq qhwzrun? (yhq zlwk jrrg 3&% od\rxw sudfwlfhv? 5/26 uhsruwlqj fdq eh xquholdeoh li wkh wzlvwhg sdlu olqh fdeoh lv qrw frqqhfwhg wr wkh 2&8 ru &68?'68? 7kh xqwhuplqdwhg uhfhlyh olqhv fdq slfn xs hqrxjk qrlvh wr wuls wkh gdwd ghwhfwruv dqg fdxvh dq lqdffxudwh 5/26 uhdglqj? +rzhyhu? htxlsphqw ghvljqhuv fdq vdiho\ dvvxph wkdw wkh kljkhvwejdlq ilowhu zlwk g% ri vljqdo dpsolilfdwlrq zloo qhyhu eh vhohfwhg iru qrue pdo rshudwlrq rq olqhv zlwk xs wr g% ri dwwhqxdwlrq dw wkh 1\txlvw iuhtxhqf\? 7kh g% ilowhuv zhuh ghvljqhg iru dssolfdwlrqv lq zklfk wkh olqh dwwhqxdwlrq lv ? g% ru juhdwhu? 7kh ''6 vshflile fdwlrq uhtxluhv dq lqvhuwlrq orvv dw ? dqg ?? nesv ri g% ru ohvv? 7kh /;7 lqfrusrudwhv exlowelq khdgurrp xs wr g%? 6r? iru vwdqgdug dssolfdwlrqv? wkh kljkhvwejdlq ilowhu zloo qhyhu eh vhohfwhg?
$ssolfdwlrq ,qirupdwlrq e l1 3rzhu 6xsso\ 'hfrxsolqj (dfk 9 lqsxw vkrxog eh wlhg wr wkh vdph srzhu sodqh? dqg hdfk vkrxog eh e\sdvvhg e\ d ?? m ) ghfrxsolqj fdsdflwru? 7kh e\sdvv fdsv vkrxog eh orfdwhg dv forvho\ dv srvvleoh wr wkh ghylfh srzhu dqg jurxqg slqv? )ljxuh ?? 7\slfdo /;7 $ssolfdwlrq /;7 '7( ru 6&& &xuuhqw 6hqvh 5w 5w 5v &v 77,3 75,1* /&57 /&75 57,3 9,17 55,1* ???? 0+] ;7$/, ;7$/2 7' '75 576 6&7( '65 &76 5, '&' 5' 6&5 0lfur &rqwuroohu $'??! 5' :5 &6 $/( ,17 %6< 567 ? 7(67 7(67? 1?& 1?& $9&& 79&& '9&& $*1' 7*1' '*1' 9 s) s) ?? w ? m ) 5u 5u ? n w n w ? n w 9 9 ?? m ) ?? m ) ?? m ) 1rwhv? ? 0lqlpxp uhtxluhg vljqdo vhw iru '7(?6&& frppxqlfdwlrq? ?? (,$ lqsxw frqwuro vljqdov? 7lh wr *1' li qrw xvhg? ? $gglwlrqdo rswlrqdo (,$ vljqdov? ? &rqqhfw doo 9 vxssolhv wr vdph srzhu sodqh dw e\sdvv fdsdflwru? ? 7['$7$ 7[&/. 5['$7$ 5[&/. ??? 9 ??? 9 ? ??? 9 ??? 9 3ulpdu\ /lqh 3urwhfwlrq 3ulpdu\ /lqh 3urwhfwlrq 9 9 ?n w ?n w
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 )ljxuh ?? 7\slfdo 3ulpdu\ /lqh 3urwhfwlrq dqg &xuuhqw 6hqvlqj &lufxlwv ? 1rwhv? ? 9? 9 surylgh vhfrqgdu\ ryhuyrowdjh surwhfwlrq? 7xuq rq deryh ? 9 ?? 5 e 5 duh fxuuhqw olplwlqj uhvlvwruv? 2qh shu 5[?7[ sdlu lv vxiilflhqw? 7zr shu sdlu surylgh lpshgdqfh v\pphwu\? ? ) e ) surylgh vhulhv fxuuhqw surwhfwlrq? 2qh shu 5[?7[ sdlu lv vxiilflhqw? 7zr shu sdlu surylgh lpshgdqfh v\pphwu\? ? 9? surylghv sdluewresdlu ryhuyrowdjh surwhfwlrq? 7xuq rq deryh ? 9? 9? ? n w ? m ) ? ? 9 5 ) 5 ) 7r 1hwzrun ,qwhuidfh )urp 1hwzrun ,qwhuidfh ? 9 5? )? 5 ) 3ulpdu\ /lqh 3urwhfwlrq &lufxlw &xuuhqw 6hqvlqj &lufxlw 7r?)urp /;7 77,3 75,1* /&57 /&75 57,3 55,1* ? 1?& 1? ? ? 1?& 1? n w 9 9 n w
e? l1 $ssolfdwlrq ,qirupdwlrq 7deoh ?? ([whuqdo &rpsrqhqw 5hfrpphqgdwlrqv &rpsrqhqw 3dudphwhu 5hfrpphqghg 9doxh /;7 &rpsdwleoh /;7 2qo\ /lqh 7udqviruphu 6xjjhvwhg 0dqxidfwxuhuv? 0lgfrp ??? ?e??? % dqg + ???? ??e?? 9lwhf ???? ?e 7xuqv udwlr ?? ? ? ?? ? ? 6wuxfwxuh &hqwhu wdsshg ?iru olqh vlgh? &hqwhu wdsshg ?iru olqh vlgh? 3ulpdu\ ,qgxfwdqfh ? p+ plqlpxp p+ plqlpxp /hdndjh ,qgxfwdqfh ?? wr ?+ pd[lpxp ?+ pd[lpxp '& 5hvlvwdqfh ?3ulpdu\? 5zs? ? e ? w ? w pd[lpxp ?? w ? ? suhihuuhg? '& 5hvlvwdqfh ?6hfrqgdu\? 5zv? ? e ? w ? w pd[lpxp ?? w ? ? suhihuuhg? ,qwhuzlqglqj &dsdflwdqfh s) pd[lpxp ? s) pd[lpxp 5lq 5hvlvwdqfh? 7rohudqfh? 5dwlqj ? n w ???? ? : 5w ? 5u 5hvlvwdqfh &dofxodwlrq? 7rohudqfh? 5dwlqj ? w e5zse5zv????????: 5y 5hvlvwdqfh? 7rohudqfh? 5dwlqj n w ???? ? : '68 &u\vwdo 1rplqdo iuhtxhqf\ ???? 0+] +roghu vw\oh +&e??8 2shudwlqj 0rgh )xqgdphqwdo? sdudooho uhvrqdqw &xw $7 /rdg &dsdflwdqfh ?? s) qrplqdo ?h[foxglqj fu\vwdo &? 7rohudqfh ? ssp # ? ?& 5dqjh ? ssp? e wr ? ?& $jlqj ssp shu \hdu pd[lpxp 0d[lpxp (65 w 'ulyh /hyho p: pd[lpxp '68 &u\vwdo /rdglqj &dsdflwruv &dsdflwdqfh? 7rohudqfh? 5dwlqj s)? ? ?? 9 &rqvwuxfwlrq 132 fhudplf ru htxlydohqw 7udqvplw 6kxqw 1hwzrun 5v 5hvlvwdqfh? 7rohudqfh? 5dwlqj ?? w ???? ? : &v &dsdflwdqfh? 7rohudqfh? 5dwlqj ? ?)? ? ? ?? 9 ? 5zs 3ulpdu\ zlqglqj uhvlvwdqfh uhvlvwdqfh ri vhulhv fxuuhqw olplwlqj uhvlvwruv dqg vhulhv surwhfwlrq ghylfhv?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 7(67 63(&,),&$7,216 127( 7kh plqlpxp dqg pd[lpxp ydoxhv lq 7deohv ? wkurxjk dqg )ljxuhv wkurxjk ? uhsuhvhqw wkh shuirupdqfh vshflilfdwlrqv ri wkh /;7 dqg duh jxdudqwhhg e\ whvw? h[fhsw zkhuh qrwhg e\ ghvljq 7deoh ?? $evroxwh 0d[lpxp 5dwlqjv 3dudphwhu 6\pero 0lq 0d[ 8qlwv 6xsso\ 9rowdjh $9&& uhihuhqfhg wr $*1' 9 && e? ? 9 '9&& uhihuhqfhg wr '*1' 9 && e? ? 9 79&& uhihuhqfhg wr 7*1' 9 && e? ? 9 6xsso\ 9duldwlrq $9&& uhihuhqfhg wr '9&& 9 &&9 e? ? 9 '9&& uhihuhqfhg wr 79&& 9 &&9 e? ? 9 $9&& uhihuhqfhg wr 79&& 9 &&9 e? ? 9 *urxqg 9duldwlrq $*1' uhihuhqfhg wr '*1' * 1'9 e? ? 9 '*1' uhihuhqfhg wr 7*1' * 1'9 e? ? 9 $*1' uhihuhqfhg wr 7*1' * 1'9 e? ? 9 ,qsxw yrowdjh? dq\ slq ? ? e $*1' e ? $9&& ? 9 ,qsxw ru rxwsxw glrgh fxuuhqw? dq\ slq ? e e ? ? p$ &rqwlqxrxv rxwsxw fxuuhqw? dq\ slq ? e e ? ? p$ &rqwlqxrxv fxuuhqw? dq\ 9&& ru *1' slq e e ? p$ 6wrudjh 7hpshudwxuh 7 67 e ?& &$87,21 ([fhhglqj wkhvh ydoxhv pd\ fdxvh shupdqhqw gdpdjh? )xqfwlrqdo rshudwlrq xqghu wkhvh frqglwlrqv lv qrw lpsolhg? ([srvxuh wr pd[lpxp udwlqj frqglwlrqv iru h[whqghg shulrgv pd\ diihfw ghylfh uholdelolw\? ? 77,3 dqg 75,1* duh uhihuhqfhg wr '9&& dqg '*1'? ?? ([fhsw vxsso\ slqv? 7deoh ?? 5hfrpphqghg 2shudwlqj &rqglwlrqv 3dudphwhu 6\pero 0lq 7\s 0d[ 8qlwv 5hfrpphqghg 6xsso\ 9rowdjh 79 && ?$9 && ?'9 && 9 && ?? ? ?? 9 5hfrpphqghg 2shudwlqj 7hpshudwxuh 7 23 e e ? ?&
e? l1 7hvw 6shflilfdwlrqv 7deoh ?? (ohfwulfdo &kdudfwhulvwlfv ?2yhu 5hfrpphqghg 5dqjh? 3dudphwhu 6\pero 0lq 7\s 0d[ 8qlwv 7hvw &rqglwlrqv 6xsso\ &xuuhqw , && e??p$9 && ? 9 ,qsxw /rz 9rowdjh ? 9 ,/ e e ?? 9 'ljlwdo ,qsxwv ,qsxw +ljk 9rowdjh ? 9 ,+ ?? e e 9 'ljlwdo ,qsxwv 2xwsxw /rz 9rowdjh 9 2/ ee?9, 2/ ?? p$ ?77/? 9 2/ e?? e 9, 2/ ?$?&026? 2xwsxw +ljk 9rowdjh 9 2+ ?? e e 9 , 2+ ?$ ?77/? 9 2+ e? e 9, 2/ ?$?&026? ,qsxw /hdndjh &xuuhqw , ,/ e e ?$ 9 ,1 9 && 2shq 'udlq /hdndjh &xuuhqw , 2'/ ee?$ ? 7\slfdo ydoxhv duh dw ? ?& dqg duh iru ghvljq dlg rqo\a qrw jxdudqwhhg dqg qrw vxemhfw wr surgxfwlrq whvwlqj? ?? /lplwhg ixqfwlrqdo whvw sdwwhuqv duh shuiruphg dw wkhvh lqsxw ohyhov? 7kh pdmrulw\ ri ixqfwlrqdo whvwv duh shuiruphg dw ohyhov ri 9 dqg 9? ? $ssolhv wr ,17 dqg %6< rqo\? 7deoh ? $& 7lplqj &kdudfwhulvwlfv ?2yhu 5hfrpphqghg 5dqjh? 3dudphwhu 6\pero 0lq 7\s 0d[ 8qlwv 7hvw &rqglwlrqv 5hfhlyh 7lplqj ? )ljxuh ? 6&5 shulrg e rxw ri orfn 7 35 ?ro? e[ e ie?uhf? ie?uhf? [ e ie?uhf? ?v qr 5[ lqsxw dw 57,3?55,1* 6&5 shulrg e lq orfn 7 35 ?lo? e ie?uhf? e ?v 5[ lqsxw suhvhqw dw 57,3? 55,1* 6&5 sxovh zlgwk +ljk 7 5&+ 7 35 ?? e? 7 35 ? 7 35 ?? ? qv 5[ vljqdo lqsxw dw 57,3? 55,1* iuhtxhqf\ wrohudqfh 5; 72/ e ssp 5' ghod\ iurp 6&5 idoolqj hgjh 7 5'' e e qv lqwr ? s) ordg 7udqvlwlrq wlph rq dq\ gljlwdo rxwsxw 7 72 e e ? qv lqwr ? s) ordg 7udqvplw 7lplqj ?)ljxuh ? 6&7b( shulrg 7 37 essp ?'dwd 5dwh ssp ?v 6&7b( lqsxw sxovh zlgwk +ljk 7 7:+, ?ie?w[? ?v 6&7b( rxwsxw sxovh zlgwk +ljk 7 7:+2 ??ie?w[? e? ?ie?w[? ??ie?w[? ? ?v 7' vhwxs wr 6&7b( ulvlqj hgjh 7 768 ? e e qv ? 7\slfdo ydoxhv duh dw ? ?& dqg duh iru ghvljq dlg rqo\a qrw jxdudqwhhg dqg qrw vxemhfw wr surgxfwlrq whvwlqj? ?? ie ?uhf? )uhtxhqf\ ri lqfrplqj uhfryhuhg gdwdvwuhdp? ? ie?w[? )uhtxhqf\ ri wudqvplw elwudwh forfn rq 6&7b( lqsxw?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e l1 )ljxuh ? (,$ 7lplqj 7udqvplw 7lplqj ?)ljxuh ? 7' krog wlph diwhu 6&7b( ulvlqj hgjh 7 7+ ? e e qv 7udqvlwlrq wlph rq dq\ gljlwdo lqsxw 7 7, qv 6&7b( lqsxw iuhtxhqf\ wrohudqfh ?zlwk uhvshfw wr ie?w[? 7; 72/ e ssp &u\vwdo 7rohudqfhv ;7$/, lqsxw iuhtxhqf\ ) ;7$/ ???? 0+] ;7$/, iuhtxhqf\ wrohue dqfh ) 072/ e ssp 5hvhw 7lplqj 567 sxovh zlgwk /rz 7 5:/ e e qv 7deoh ? $& 7lplqj &kdudfwhulvwlfv ?2yhu 5hfrpphqghg 5dqjh? frqwlqxhg 3dudphwhu 6\pero 0lq 7\s 0d[ 8qlwv 7hvw &rqglwlrqv ? 7\slfdo ydoxhv duh dw ? ?& dqg duh iru ghvljq dlg rqo\a qrw jxdudqwhhg dqg qrw vxemhfw wr surgxfwlrq whvwlqj? ?? ie ?uhf? )uhtxhqf\ ri lqfrplqj uhfryhuhg gdwdvwuhdp? ? ie?w[? )uhtxhqf\ ri wudqvplw elwudwh forfn rq 6&7b( lqsxw? 75$160,7 %,7 7,0,1*? 6&7b( 7' 576 / &76 5(&(,9( %,7 7,0,1*? 5' 6&5 6<1& 5, '75 7 768 7 7+ 7 37 7 7:+ :33 qv pd[ 1 iru 576 /rz wr &76 /rz - 4 m v pd[ 1 iru 6&7b( wr &76 idoolqj - 7 35 7 5&+ 7 5'' '65 / '&' 7 5''
e l1 7hvw 6shflilfdwlrqv )ljxuh ? 0lfursurfhvvru 7lplqj e 5hdg 2shudwlrqv 7deoh ? 0lfursurfhvvru 7lplqj &kdudfwhulvwlfv ?2yhu 5hfrpphqghg 5dqjh? 3dudphwhu 6\pero 0lq 7\s 0d[ 8qlwv 7hvw &rqglwlrqv &6 vhwxs wr 5' ru :5 idoolqj hgjh 7 &68 e e qv & /2$' ? s) &6 krog iurp 5' ru :5 ulvlqj hgjh 7 &+5 7 &+: e e qv & /2$' ? s) $/( sxovh zlgwk +ljk 7 $/3: e e qv & /2$' s) 5' ru :5 krog iurp $/( ulvlqj hgjh 7 5:+ e e qv & /2$' s) $/( krog iurp 5' ru :5 ulvlqj hgjh 7 $/+ e e qv & /2$' s) $''5 vhwxs wr $/( idoolqj hgjh 7 $68 e e qv & /2$' s) $''5 krog iurp $/( idoolqj hgjh 7 $+ e e qv & /2$' s) :5 sxovh zlgwk /rz 7 :3: ? e e qv & /2$' s) 5' krog wlph diwhu %6< +ljk 7 5'+ e e qv& /2$' s) rq 5' '$7$ ydolg iurp 5' idoolqj hgjh 7 '35 e?qv& /2$' s) '$7$ krog iurp 5' ulvlqj hgjh 7 '+5 ?eqv& /2$' s) %6< /rz ghod\ iurp 5' ru :5 /rz 7 %3 eqv & /2$' ? s) ? ? n w %6< /rz gxudwlrq 7 %:/ ?? e qv & /2$' ? s) ? ? n w '$7$ vhwxs wr :5 ulvlqj hgjh 7 '68: e e qv & /2$' s) '$7$ krog iurp :5 ulvlqj hgjh 7 '+: ? e e qv & /2$' s) ,17 fohdu diwhu 5' +ljk iru $''5 ?k 7 '&, ? e ? qv & /2$' ? s) ? ? n w ? 7\slfdo ydoxhv duh dw ?? & dqg duh iru ghvljq dlg rqo\a qrw jxdudqwhhg dqg qrw vxemhfw wr surgxfwlrq whvwlqj? $/( 5' $' ?:=3 ! %6< &6 7 $68 7 $+ 7 &68 7 $/3: 7 5:+ 7 %:/ 7 '+5 7 %3 7 $/+ 7 '35 ,17 7 '&, 7 &+5 7 5'+
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 )ljxuh ?? 0lfursurfhvvru 7lplqj e :ulwh 2shudwlrqv $/( :5 $' ?:=3 ! %6< &6 7 $68 7 $+ 7 :3: 7 &68 7 &+: 7 $/3: 7 5:+ 7 %:/ 7 '68: 7 '+: 7 %3 7 $/+
e l1 5hjlvwhu 'hilqlwlrqv 5(*,67(5 '(),1,7,216 ,qwurgxfwlrq 7kh /;7 lqfrusrudwhv d wrwdo ri ? uhjlvwhuv? ? :ulwh dqg 5hdg uhjlvwhuv? 5hihu wr 7deoh ? iru d frpsohwh olvw ri uhjlvwhu ghvljqdwlrqv dqg dgguhvvhv? 5hjlvwhu dgguhvvhv dqg rwkhu kh[dghflpdo qxpehuv duh uhsuhvhqwhg dv |[qq zkhuh |qq lv wkh kh[ ydoxh? 7deoh ?? /;7 5hjlvwhu 6hw $gguhvv :ulwh 5hjlvwhuv 5hdg 5hjlvwhuv $'??! :5[ 1dph 5'[ 1dph [[[ :5 'hylfh &rqwuro 5hjlvwhu 5' uhdgedfn ri :5 [[[ :5 7udqvplw &rqwuro 5hjlvwhu 5' uhdgedfn ri :5 [[[ :5? 5hfhlyh &rqwuro 5hjlvwhu 5'? uhdgedfn ri :5? [[[ 5hvhuyhg [[[ 5hvhuyhg [[[ :5 (,$ 6hohfw 5hjlvwhu 5' uhdgedfn ri :5 [[[ 5hvhuyhg [[[ :5? 7udqvplw (,$ 'dwd 5hjlvwhu 5'? 5hfhlyh (,$ 'dwd 5hjlvwhu [[[ :5? ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh 5hjlvwhu 5'? ,qwhuuxsw 6wdwxv 5hjlvwhu [[[ :5? (,$ &rqwuro 5hjlvwhu 5'? (,$ 6wdwxv 5hjlvwhu [[[ 5hvhuyhg 5'$ 'hylfh 6wdwxv 5hjlvwhu [[[ 5hvhuyhg 5'% 5[ 6olfhu /hyho 5hjlvwhu [[[ :5& 5[ &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeohv 5'& 5[ &rghv 5hjlvwhu [[[ 5hvhuyhg 5'' ,qydolg %39 &rxqwhu [[[ 5hvhuyhg [[[ 5hvhuyhg
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e l1 7deoh ? /;7 5hjlvwhu %lw 0dsslqj 5hjlvwhu 5?: $ggu e? e? e e e e? e e 'hylfh &rqwuro 5?: [ 2&8 7&&7 6&7b(1 02'( 02'( 7udqvplw &rqwuro 5?: [ %21'(1 &$//0' 7;b05. =6b',6 7;b&0, 7;b226 7;b22) 5hfhlyh &rqwuro 5?: [? '68b/3 7;b'/3 &68b/3 ),/)&( )),/7 )),/7? )),/7 )),/7 (,$ 6hohfw 5?: [ (,$5(* 7[ (,$ 'dwd : [? ' '? ' ' ' '? '? ;? &? ru '? 5[ (,$ 'dwd 5 [? ' '? ' ' ' '? '? ;? %)? &? ru '? ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh : [? (,$'(/ ,'(/ 5;b&2'( 9b2)/ ;%39 )6<1& 56<1& $&7,9( ,qwhuuxsw 6wdwxv 5 [? (,$'(/ ,'(/ 5;b&2'( 9b2)/ ;%39 )6<1& 56<1& $&7,9( (,$ &rqwuro ?uhvhw ydoxh? : [? )&b'&( ?? '65 ?? '&' ?? 5, ?? &76 ?? )&b'7( ?? '75 ?? 576 ?? (,$ 6wdwxv 5 [? )&b'&( '65 '&' 5, &76 )&b'7( '75 576 'hylfh 6wdwxv 5 [$ 5/26 )6<1& $&7,9( ,67$7( // //? // // 5[ 6olfhu /hyho 5 [% 0$*? 0$*? 0$* 0$* 0$* 0$*? 0$* 0$* 5[ &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh ?uhvhw ydoxh? : [& 05.b(1 ?? =6&b(1 ?? &0,b(1 ?? 226b(1 ?? 22)b(1 ?? '/3b(1 ?? ?? 810b(1 ?? 5[ &rghv 5 [& 5;b'0, 5;b=6& 5;b&0, 5;b226 5;b22) 5;b'/3 5;b80& 8107&+ %39 &rxqw 5 [' ,%39? ,%39? ,%39 ,%39 ,%39 ,%39? ,%39 ,%39 ? $ /rz rq wkh 567 lqsxwzlooirufhdoouhjlvwhuelwvwr?h[fhswzkhuhvshflilhg?
e l1 5hjlvwhu 'hilqlwlrqv 7deoh ? 5hjlvwhu :5 e 'hylfh &rqwuro e $gguhvv [ e? e? e e e e? e e e 2&8 7&&7 6&7b(1 e )7(67 02'( 02'( %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? e 5hvhuyhg? 3urjudp wr ? e? 2&8 2&8 dqg '68 0rgh 6hohfwlrq? &rqwurov wlplqj vrxufhv lq frqmxqfwlrq zlwk 7&&7 ?vhh 7&&7 elw ghvfulswlrq iru dgglwlrqdo lqirupdwlrq?? e 7&&7 7dlo &l ufxl w? &rqwurov wlplqj vrxufhv lq frqmxqfwlrq zlwk 2&8 dv iroorzv? %lwv??! 6rxufh iru 6&7b( 6rxufh iru 7&/. ;7$/, yld ,qwhuqdo 2vfloodwru ;7$/, yld ,qwhuqdo 2vfloodwru 1?$ 6&7b( lqsxw slq 5&/. 5&/. 1?$ 6&7b( lqsxw slq e 6&7b(1 6huldo &orfn 7udqvplw (qdeoh? 6&7b( slq vhw wr kljk lpshgdqfh vwdwha 6&7b( slq hqdeohg dv dq rxwsxw? e e 5hvhuyhg? 3urjudp wr ? e? )7(67 )dfwru\ 7hvw ?)7(67?? 3urjudp wr ? e?! 02'(?! 0rgh 6hohfw ?02'(?!?? 6hwv 0rgh dqg /lqh 5dwh dv iroorzv? %lwv?! 2shudwlqj 0rgh /lqh 5dwh ''6e35, ? nesv ''6e35, ? nesv ''6e6& ?? nesv &&e?. ?? nesv ? 2qo\ dssolfdeoh iru ''6e35, ? nesv dssolfdwlrqv ?02'(?! ru ??
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 ? ? 7deoh ? 5hjlvwhu :5 e 7udqvplw &rqwuro ?''6e35, 0rgh? e $gguhvv [ e? e? e e e e? e e %21'(1 &$//0' e 7;b05. =6b',6 7;b&0 7;b226 7;b22) %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? %21'(1 %rqglqj (qdeoh? %rqglqj iudph ghwhfwlrq glvdeohga %rqglqj iudph ghwhfwlrq hqdeohg? e? &$//0' &doo 0rgh? $oorz gdwd wudqvihu iurp '7(a ,qglfdwh wr '7( wkdw fdoo surfhvvlqj lv xqghuzd\ e e 5hvhuyhg? 3urjudp wr ? e 7;b05. 7udqvplw $oo 0dunv? 7udqvplw $oo 0dunv? wkh 'dwd 0rgh ,goh ?'0,? vhtxhqfh? ?dovr vhqgv doo v '0, lq &&e?. prgh? e =6b',6 =hur 6xssuhvvlrq 'lvdeoh? 'lvdeoh 7udqvplw =hur 6xssuhvvlrq e? 7;b&0, 7udqvplw &rqwuro 0rgh ,goh? 7udqvplw &rqwuro 0rgh ,goh vhtxhqfh e 7;b226 7udqvplw 2xw 2i 6huylfh? 7udqvplw 2xw 2i 6huylfh vhtxhqfh e 7;b22) 7udqvplw 2xw 2i )udph? 7udqvplw 2xw 2i )udph vhtxhqfh 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu :5 e 7udqvplw &rqwuro ?''6e6& 0rgh? e $gguhvv [ e? e? e e e e? e e 7b80& e e 7b,'/( 7b=(5 7b&0, 7b$6& 7b026 %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? 7b80& 7udqvplw 80&? 7udqvplw 8qdvvljqhg 0xowlsoh[ &rgh vhtxhqfh e??! e 5hvhuyhg? 3urjudp wr ? e 7b,'/( 7udqvplw ,goh? 7udqvplw wkh 'dwd 0rgh ,goh ?'0,? vhtxhqfh? ?dovr vhqgv doo v '0, lq &&e?. prgh? e 7b=(5 7udqvplw $oo v? 7udqvplw doo =hurv e? 7b&0, 7udqvplw &rqwuro 0rgh ,goh? 7udqvplw &rqwuro 0rgh ,goh vhtxhqfh? e 7b$6& 7udqvplw $eqrupdo 6wdwlrq &rgh? 7udqvplw $eqrupdo 6wdwlrq &rgh vhtxhqfh e 7b026 7udqvplw 0x[ 2xw ri 6\qf ? 7udqvplw 0xowlsoh[hu 2xw ri 6\qf vhtxhqfh
e? l1 5hjlvwhu 'hilqlwlrqv 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu :5? e 5hfhlyh &rqwuro e $gguhvv [? e? e? e e e e? e e '68b/3 7;b'/3 &68b/3 ),/)&( )),/7 )),/7? )),/7 )),/7 %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? '68b/3 '68 /rrsedfn? )rufhv orfdo '68 orrsedfn ?(,$ 5' frqqhfwhg wr 7'? e? 7;b'/3 7udqvplw 1rqe/dwfklqj '68 /rrsedfn? 7udqvplw 1rqe/dwfklqj '68 /rrsedfn &rgh lq ''6e6&? ru %39 vhtxhqfh lq ''6e35,? 1rw xvhg lq &&e?. e ? &68b/3 &68 /rrsedfn? )rufhv &68 orrsedfn e ),/)&( )lowhu )rufh (qdeoh? )lowhu )ruflqj 'lvdeohg ?3urjudp wr iru qrupdo rshudwlrq??a )lowhu )ruflqj (qdeohg e?! )),/7?! )lowhu )ruflqj &rqwuro %lwv? )lowhu *dlq ?;) e )),/7?!??g%? ? 5hdgedfn ri 5'? \lhogv wkh orjlfdo 25 ri wkh ydoxh zulwwhq wr elw e? ?'68b/3? dqg '68 orrs vwdwxv? ?? 5hdgedfn ri 5'? \lhogv wkh orjlfdo 25 ri wkh ydoxh zulwwhq wr elw e ?&68b/3? dqg &68 orrs vwdwxv? 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu :5 e (,$ 6hohfw e $gguhvv [ e? e? e e e e? e e ee(,$5(*eeeee %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e???! e 5hvhuyhg? 3urjudp wr ? e (,$5(* (,$ 5hjlvwhu 0rgh? 7udqvplw gdwd vrxufhg e\ (,$ 7' slqa 7udqvplw gdwd vrxufhg e\ wudqvplw (,$ gdwd uhjlvwhu? e?! e 5hvhuyhg? 3urjudp wr ? 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu :5? e 7udqvplw (,$ 'dwd e $gguhvv [? e? e? e e e e? e e ' '? ' ' ' '? '? ;? &? '? %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e??! '??! 'dwd %lwv? 'dwd wudqvplwwhg rq ezluh olqn zkhq (,$5(* ? 5hihu wr 7deoh ? iru gdwd irupdwv? e ;?&?'? (,$ 5hjlvwhu 0rgh? ; 'rq?w &duh lq ''6e35,? & 6hfrqgdu\ fkdqqho elw lq ''6e6&? '? 'dwd elw ? lq &&e?.?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 ? 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu :5? e 7udqvplw (,$ 'dwd )rupdwv 0rgh /lqh 5dwh e:luh 'dwd )rupdw &rpphqwv ''6e35,?nesv ''?''''?'? ?eelwe\wh ''6e6&??nesv ''?''''?'? ) &?eelwe\wh &&e?. ?? nesv ' '? ' ' ' '? '? ) '? ?eelw e\wh 0rgh '7( &orfn '7( 6huldo 'dwd )rupdw &rpphqwv ''6e35, ? nesv vprrwk ' '? ' ' ' '? '? ?eelw e\wh ''6e6&?nesvjdsshg''?''''?'? & ?eelwe\wh &&e?.?nesvjdsshg''?''''?'?'? ?eelwe\wh ? ' [ 'dwd elwv wr?iurp '7( ?? & ''6 vhfrqgdu\ fkdqqho frqwuro elwv ? ) ''6 iudplqj elwv 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu 5'? e 5[ (,$ 'dwd e $gguhvv [? e? e? e e e e? e e ' '? ' ' ' '? '? ;? %)? &? '? %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e??! '??! 'dwd %lwv? 'dwd uhfhlyhg rq ezluh olqn e ;?%)?&?'? (,$ 5hjlvwhu 0rgh? ; 'rq?w &duh lq ''6e35,? %) %rqglqj )udph lqglfdwru lq ''6e35,? li %21'(1 ? & 6hfrqgdu\ fkdqqho elw lq ''6e6&? '? 'dwd elw ? lq &&e?. 7deoh ??? 5hjlvwhu :5? e ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh e $gguhvv [? e? e? e e e e? e e (,$'(/ ,'(/ 5;b&2'( 9b2)/ ;%39 )6<1& 56<1& $&7,9( %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? (,$'(/ (,$ &rqwuro /hdg &kdqjh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e? ,'(/ /rrs &xuuhqw &kdqjh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e 5;b&2'( 5hfhlyh %39 &rqwuro &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e 9b2)/ 9lrodwlrqv &rxqw 2yhuiorz ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e ;%39 ([fhvv ,qydolg %39 ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e? )6<1& %rqglqj? ru ''6 )$: 6\qf ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e 56<1& 5hfhlyh 6<1& ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e $&7,9( $fwlyh 6wdwh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? ? 2q srzhuexs? wklv uhjlvwhu frqwdlqv dooe]hurv? zklfk glvdeohv doo lqwhuuxswv?
e? l1 5hjlvwhu 'hilqlwlrqv 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu 5'? e ,qwhuuxsw 6wdwxv e $gguhvv [? e? e? e e e e? e e (,$'(/ ,'(/ 5;b&2'( 9b2)/ ;%39 )6<1& 56<1& $&7,9( %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? (,$'(/ (,$ &rqwuro /hdg &kdqjh ,qwhuuxsw? ,qwhuuxsw kdv rffxuuhg? 7klv lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg zkhq hlwkhu wkh '75 ru 576 lqsxw olqh fkdqjhv vwdwh lq wkh /;7? e? ,'(/ /rrs &xuuhqw &kdqjh ,qwhuuxsw? ,qwhuuxsw kdv rffxuuhg? 7klv lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg zkhq wkh orrs fxuuhqw vwdwh fkdqjhv? )ru fkdqjhv lq orrs fxuuhqw gluhfwlrq? erwk lqsxwv /&75 dqg /&57 zloo fkdqjh vwdwh? 6wdwh wudqvlwlrqv ri wkhvh wzr vljqdov duh gherxqfhg iru ? pv dqg pxowlsoh wudqvlwlrqv zlwklq wklv wlph shulrg duh uhvroyhg lqwr rqo\ rqh ,'(/ hyhqw? e 5;b&2'( 5hfhlyh %39 &rgh ,qwhuuxsw? ,qwhuuxsw kdv rffxuuhg? 7klv lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg xsrq uhfhswlrq ri ru fhvvdwlrq ri uhfhswlrq ri wkh frghv olvwhg lq 7deoh ?? ?5hjlvwhu 5'& ghvfulse wlrq? dv hqdeohg e\ wkh fruuhvsrqglqj elwv lq uhjlvwhu :5&? ,q ''6e35, prgh? 5;b'0, zloo jhqhudwh dq lqwhuuxsw rqo\ zkhq &$//0' ?lq uhjlvwhu :5? lv vhw wr orjlf e\ wkh xvhu? ,q ''6e6& prgh? 5;b'0, zloo qhyhu jhqhudwh dq lqwhuuxsw? e 9b2)/ 9lrodwlrqv &rxqw 2yhuiorz ,qwhuuxsw? ,qwhuuxsw kdv rffxuuhg? 7klv lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg zkhq wkh ,qydolg %lsrodu 9lrodwlrqv &rxqwhu ?9b&17 wr 9b&17?? ryhuiorzv dw dq lqydolg %39 frxqw ri ??? e ;%39 ([fhvv ,qydolg %39 ,qwhuuxsw? ,qwhuuxsw kdv rffxuuhg? ,i hljkw ru pruh rffxuuhqfhv ri lqydolg %39 hyhqwv lq vl[whhq jurxsv ri frqvhfxwlyh pdun v\perov duh uhfhlyhg? wkh ;%39 lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg? 7klv kljk ghqvlw\ ri %39?v uhtxluhv uhedfwlydwlrq ri wkh /;7? yld dq h[whuqdo 567 sxovh? e? )6<1& ?%6<1&? %rqglqj? ru ''6 )$: 6\qf? ,qwhuuxsw kdv rffxuuhg? 7kh %rqglqj )udph 6\qf ?%6<1&? ru %lw )udph 6\qf ?)6<1&? lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg zkhq hlwkhu jrlqj lqwr ru rxw ri v\qfkurqle ]dwlrq iru %rqglqj 6\qf ru ''6e6&?&&e?. )$: v\qf? e 56<1& 5hfhlyh 6<1& ,qwhuuxsw? ,qwhuuxsw kdv rffxuuhg? 7kh 56<1& lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg frlqflghqw zlwk wkh idoolqj hgjh ri wkh 6<1& sxovh? e $&7,9( $fwlyh 6wdwh ,qwhuuxsw? ,qwhuuxsw kdv rffxuuhg? 7kh $&7,9( lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg zkhq wkh /;7 hqwhuv ru h[lwv wkh uhfhlyhu dfwlyh vwdwh? :khq dfwlydwlrq vhtxhqfh kdv frpsohwhg? dqg uholdeoh gdwd wudqvplvvlrq lv dfklhyhg? wkh uhfhlyhu hqwhuv wkh dfwlyh vwdwh? :khq uhfhlyh vljqdo hqhuj\ lv orvw? ru lv ghwhfwhg wr eh rxwvlgh wkh udqjh uhtxluhg iru rswlpdo htxdol]dwlrq? wkh uhfhlyhu h[lwv wkh dfwlyh vwdwh? dqg dwwhpswv wr uhedfwlydwh? ? 2q srzhuexs? wklv uhjlvwhu frqwdlqv dooe]hurv? $oo 5'? elwv zklfk duh +ljk zloo eh fohduhg dorqj zlwk wkh lqwhuuxsw zkhq 5'? lv uhdg?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e l1 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu :5? e (,$ &rqwuro e $gguhvv [? e? e? e e e e? e e )&b'&( '65 '&' 5, &76 )&b'7( '75 576 %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? )&b'&( )rufh '&( (qdeoh? ?'hidxow? 'lvdeohv 8vhu 3urjudpplqj ri '&( &rqwuro /hdgva (qdeohv 8vhu 3urjudpplqj ri '&( &rqwuro /hdgv? e? '65 'dwd 6hw 5hdg\? '65 ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? '65 $fwlyh? e '&' 'dwd &duulhu 'hwhfw? '&' ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? '&' $fwlyh? e 5, 5lqj ,qglfdwru? ?'hidxow? 5, ,qdfwlyha 5, $fwlyh? e &76 &ohdu wr 6hqg? &76 ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? &76 $fwlyh? e? )&b'7( )rufh '7( (qdeoh? ?'hidxow? 'lvdeohv 8vhu 3urjudpplqj ri '7( &rqwuro /hdgva (qdeohv 8vhu 3urjudpplqj ri '7( &rqwuro /hdgv? e '75 'dwd 7huplqdo 5hdg\? '75 ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? '75 $fwlyh? e 576 5htxhvw wr 6hqg? 576 ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? 576 $fwlyh? ? )ruflqj wklv elw zloo qrw fdxvh &76 wudqvlwlrq? 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu 5'? e (,$ 6wdwxv e $gguhvv [? e? e? e e e e? e e )&b'&( '65 '&' 5, &76 )&b'7( '75 576 %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? )&b'&( )rufh '&( (qdeoh? ?'hidxow? 8vhu 3urjudpplqj ri '&( &rqwuro /hdgv 'lvdeohga 8vhu 3urjudpplqj ri '&( &rqwuro /hdgv (qdeohg e? '65 'dwd 6hw 5hdg\? '65 ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? '65 $fwlyh? e '&' 'dwd &duulhu 'hwhfw? '&' ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? '&' $fwlyh? e 5, 5lqj ,qglfdwru? ?'hidxow? 5, ,qdfwlyha 5, $fwlyh? e &76 &ohdu wr 6hqg? &76 ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? &76 $fwlyh? e? )&b'7( )rufh '7( (qdeoh? ?'hidxow? 8vhu 3urjudpplqj ri '7( &rqwuro /hdgv 'lvdeohga 8vhu 3urjudpplqj ri '7( &rqwuro /hdgv (qdeohg? e ? '75 'dwd 7huplqdo 5hdg\? '75 ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? '75 $fwlyh? e ? 576 5htxhvw wr 6hqg? 576 ,qdfwlyha ?'hidxow? 576 $fwlyh? ? )ru '&( frqwuro ohdgv? vwdwxv lv dfwxdo olqh frqglwlrq e qrw ydoxh irufhg yld :5?? ?? )ru '7( frqwuro ohdgv? vwdwxv lv dfwxdo ydoxh rq ghylfh slq e qrw ydoxh irufhg yld :5??
e l1 5hjlvwhu 'hilqlwlrqv 7deoh ??? 5hjlvwhu :5& e 5[ &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh e $gguhvv [& e? e? e e e e? e e ,'/( =6& &0, 226 22) '/3 80& 810 %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? ,'/( 5;b'0, ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e? =6& =hur &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? ?=(52? ?doo ]hurv lq ''6e6&?&&e?.?? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e &0, 5hfhlyh &rqwuro prgh ,goh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e 226 2xwri6\qf? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? ?$6&? $eqrupdo 6wdwlrq &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e 22) 2xw ri )udph ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? ?026? 0x[ rxw ri 6\qf ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e? '/3 '68 /rrsedfn ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e 80& 8qdvvljqhg 0x[ &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? e 810 8qpdwfkhg &rgh ,qwhuuxsw (qdeoh? 'lvdeoha (qdeoh? 7deoh ??? 5hjlvwhu 5'& e 5[ &rghv e $gguhvv [& e? e? e e e e? e e 5;b'0, 5;b=6& 5;b&0, 5;b226 5;b22) 5;b'/3 5;b80& 8107&+ %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq ?? e? 5;b'0, 5hfhlylqj '0,? 5hfhlylqj 'dwd 0rgh ,goh e? 5;b=6& 5hfhlylqj =6&? 5hfhlylqj =hur 6xssuhvvlrq &rgh lq ''6e35, ?5;b=(5? ?$oo =hurv? ? 5hfhlylqj $oo v lq ''6e6& e 5;b&0, 5hfhlylqj &0,? 5hfhlylqj &rqwuro 0rgh ,goh e 5;b226 5hfhlylqj 226? 5hfhlylqj 2xw ri 6huylfh frgh lq ''6e35, ?5;b$6&? ?5hfhlylqj $6&?? 5hfhlylqj $eqrupdo 6wdwlrq &rgh lq ''6e6& e 5;b22) 5hfhlylqj 22)? 5hfhlylqj 2xw ri )udph frgh lq ''6e35, ?5;b026? ?5hfhlylqj 026?? 5hfhlylqj 0x[ 2xw ri 6\qf &rgh lq ''6e6& e? 5;b'/3 5hfhlylqj '/3? 5hfhlylqj ydolg '68 1rqeodwfklqj orrsedfn frgh e 5;b80& 5hfhlylqj 80&? 5hfhlylqj 8qdvvljqhg 0x[ &rgh lq ''6e6& e 8107&+ 8qpdwfkhg &rgh? 5hfhlylqj frqwuro frgh wkdw grhv qrw pdwfk frghv lq 7deoh ?? ? $q lqwhuuxsw zloo eh jhqhudwhg gxh wr wkh suhvhqfh ri d frqwuro frgh li wkh fruuhvsrqglqj hqdeoh elw lq :5& lv vhw? 2qo\ rqh frgh zrug qhhg eh uhfhlyhg iru wkh fruuhvsrqglqj elw wr jr +ljk lq doo fdvhv h[fhsw iru 5;b'/3? ,q wkh fdvh ri '68 orrsedfn frgh? irxu frqvhfxwlyh uhshwlwlrqv ri wkh 5;b'/3 frgh duh uhtxluhg? 7kh frgh pxvw eh devhqw iru dw ohdvw ilyh frqvhfxwlyh zrug shulrgv iru wkh elw wr eh fohduhg? ?? 7kh elwv lq wklv uhjlvwhu duh qrw odwfkhg? dqg duh xsgdwhg hyhu\ ? m v?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e? l1 7deoh ??? 6xppdu\ ri 7udqvplw dqg 5hfhlyh &rqwuro &rghv &rgh 'hvfulswlrq ''6e35, &rgh ''6e6& &rgh &&e ?. 7[ 3ulrulw\ 1dph ' ' ? ' ' ' ' ? ' ? 1dph ' ' ? ' ' ' ' ? ' ? ) & 'dwd0rgh,goh 05. %%%%%%% ,'/( ),'/(3ulrulw\ ?kljkhvw? &rqwuro 0rgh ,goh &0, %%%%;29 &0, ) 1?$ 3ulrulw\?a 3ulrulw\ ? zlwk 7;b'/3 '68/rrsedfn '/3 12%2;29 '/3 1) 1?$ 3ulrulw\?a 3ulrulw\ ? zlwk 7;b'/3 uhsodfh zlwk uhsodfh zlwk 22%2222 1) 2xw ri 6huylfh ru $eqrupdo 6wdwlrq 226 1 2 2 % ; 2 9 $6& 1 ) 1?$ 3ulrulw\ 2xw ri 6\qf 22) 1 2 % % ; 2 9 026 1 ) 1?$ 3ulrulw\ 8qdvvljqhg 0x[ 1?$ 1?$ 80& 1 ) 1?$ 3ulrulw\ =hure6xssuhvvlrq ?$oo =hurv? =6& b 222;29 =(5 ) 1?$ 3ulrulw\?a )ru ''6e 35, uhsodfh 2222222 zlwk 2222;29 uhsodfh zlwk b 222222 'dwd eee eee eee eee eee 3ulrulw\ ? ? 7udqvplw &0, sulrulw\ lv ? iru 576 rq wkh (,$ lqwhuidfh? ?? % d pdun ?sxovh?a 9 elsrodu ylrodwlrq pduna 2 d vsdfha ; % ru 2 wr pdnh ri %?v vlqfh odvw 9 rgg? 1 ?? ? ) ''6e6& dqg &&e?. iudph elw ? ? %lw qxpehulqj '?'?! lv duelwudu\ iru ''6e35, frghv?
e l1 5hjlvwhu 'hilqlwlrqv 7deoh ??? 5hjlvwhu 5'$ e 'hylfh 6wdwxv e $gguhvv [$ e? e? e e e e? e e 5/26 )6<1& $&7,9( ,67$7( // //? // // %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e? 5/26 5hfhlyh /rvv ri 6ljqdo? /;7 5hfhlyhu kdv orvw vljqdo gxh wr ohyho ehlqj ehorz wkuhvkrog? ru vwhs fkdqjh lq vljqdo pdjqlwxgh? 5/26 lqglfdwru? jrhv +ljk diwhu lqlwldo dfwlyde wlrq li uhfhlyh vljqdo ohyho gursv wr ]hur yrowv? ru gursv e\ pruh wkdq ? g%? 5/26 zloo wkhq vwd\ +ljk xqwlo wkh uhfhlyhu dxwrpdwlfdoo\ uhelqlwldol]hv lq wkh suhvhqfh ri wkh uhfhlyh vljqdo dw d qhz yrowdjh ohyho? ru wkh uhwxuq ri wkh vljqdo dw wkh rog yrowdjh ohyho? $q $&7,9( lqwhuuxsw lv jhqhudwhg lq uhjlvwhu 5'? zkhq 5/26 jrhv +ljk? dqg djdlq zkhq 5/26 jrhv /rz wr lqglfdwh wkh uhvxpswlrq ri qrupdo gdwd uhfhswlrq? 5/26 lv qrw d odwfkhg elw? e? )6<1& )$: 6\qf? ''6 )$: 6\qf lq ''6e6& ru &&e?n e $&7,9( 5hfhlyhu $fwlyh? /;7 5hfhlyhu $fwlydwhg e ,67$7( /rrs &xuuhqw 3uhvhqw? 3uhvhqfh ri orrs fxuuhqw ghwhuplqhg e\ d orjlf ohyho dw /&57 ru /&75 ghylfh slqv? 7kh /&57 dqg /&75 lqsxwv duh gherxqfhg iru ? pv diwhu wkh lqlwldo wudqvlwlrq e\ hlwkhu vljqdo? $ovr? xs wr ? pv ri vnhz ehwzhhq wkh vwdwh wudqvlwlrqv lq wkhvh vljqdov lv uhvroyhg lqwr rqo\ rqh ,'(/ lqwhuuxsw hyhqw dv uhsruwhg lq 5'?? e?! //?! /rrs /rvv ,qglfdwru %lwv? 9doxh ri wkh uhfhlyh ilowhu vhohfwhg e\ uhfhlyh dfwlydwlrq flufxlw? 5hihu wr 7deoh iru wkh qrplqdo 1\txlvw iuhtxhqf\ orrs orvv ??eg%? fruuhvsrqglqj wr wkh //?! ydoxh? 7deoh ? ,qvhuwlrq /rvv dqg /lqh /hqjwk 9doxhv iru elwv //?! /lqh 5dwh 3dudphwhu %lw &rghv //?! ? nesv ,qvhuwlrq /rvv ?g%? ? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? /lqh /hqjwk ?np? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? nesv ,qvhuwlrq /rvv ?g%? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ? /lqh /hqjwk ?np? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ,qvhuwlrq /rvv # ie?? lq g%? ?? /lqh 5dqjh lq np ?? $:* 3,&? qr eulgjhg wdsv?
/;7 6zlwfkhg ? ? ''6 ,qwhjudwhg '68 ? &68 e l1 7deoh ? 5hjlvwhu 5'% e 5[ 6olfhu /hyho e $gguhvv [% e? e? e e e e? e e 0$*? 0$*? 0$* 0$* 0$* 0$*? 0$* 0$* %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e??! 0$*??! 5hfhlyh 6ljqdo 0djqlwxgh? 0$*??! uhsuhvhqwv wkh uhfhlyh volfhu ohyho? dqg lv xvhg zlwk wkh //e// elwv iurp uhjlvwhu 5'b$ wr fdofxodwh wkh wzlvwhgesdlu orrs dwwhqxdwlrq xvlqj wkh iroorzlqj irupxod ? 1\txlvw iuhtxhqf\ /rrs $wwhqxdwlrq lq g% htxdov >$wwhqxdwlrq 9doxh lq g% iru //?! dw vhohfwhg gdwd udwh ? @ ?orj?[&? 0$*??!kh[?? ? 7kh dwwhqxdwlrq ydoxhv iru //?! dw ? dqg ?? nesv dqg wkh ydoxhv iru ?orj?[&?0$*??!kh[? fdq eh dgghg wrjhwkhu wr frpsxwh dq hvwlpdwh ri wkh dfwxdo olqh orvv wr ?e g%? ?? 5hihu wr 7deoh iru dwwhqxdwlrq ydoxhv? 7deoh ?? 5hjlvwhu 5'' e 5[ ,qydolg %39 &rxqw e $gguhvv [' e? e? e e e e? e e ,%39? ,%39? ,%39 ,%39 ,%39 ,%39? ,%39 ,%39 %lw 0qhprqlf )xqfwlrq e??! ,%39??! ,qydolg %39 &rxqw? ,%39??! lv dq ?eelw frxqw ri uhfhlyh sxovhv wkdw duh mxgjhg wr eh %39v wkdw duh qrw ohjdo ''6e35, frghv? :khq wklv frxqwhu lv uhdg? lw lv uhvhw k? ,i wklv frxqwhu ryhuiorzv? wkh 9b2)/ lqwhuuxsw lv vhw?


▲Up To Search▲   

 
Price & Availability of LXT441

All Rights Reserved © IC-ON-LINE 2003 - 2022  

[Add Bookmark] [Contact Us] [Link exchange] [Privacy policy]
Mirror Sites :  [www.datasheet.hk]   [www.maxim4u.com]  [www.ic-on-line.cn] [www.ic-on-line.com] [www.ic-on-line.net] [www.alldatasheet.com.cn] [www.gdcy.com]  [www.gdcy.net]


 . . . . .
  We use cookies to deliver the best possible web experience and assist with our advertising efforts. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the use of cookies. For more information on cookies, please take a look at our Privacy Policy. X